Animal Rights For Farm Animals Sociology Essay

Animal Rights For Farm Animals Sociology Essay The paucity of legal scholarship and teaching in the area of animals and the law is puzzling, particularly given the general interest in, and intense debate about, the treatment of animals by humans over the last 30 years. The lack of interest in Australia is ironic, as it was the work of the Australian philosopher Peter Singer, in the highly influential book Animal Liberation, which can be said to have reinvigorated much of the modern debate about the status of animals.  [1]  By contrast with the Australian uninterest, countries such as Sweden, the United Kingdom, Finland, Switzerland and the Netherlands have moved to ban the cruel practice of keeping pregnant sows in sow stalls, Australias most recent Model Pig Code provided for a minor increase in stall size and a generous 10 year phase in period for a 6 week limit on the use of sow stalls. Moreover, the deplorable practice of keeping hens in battery cages continues to be legal in all Australian jurisdictions while the EU has banned the use of all battery cages by January 2012. Further to this, the United States legal academy has been actively exploring legal issues relating to animals for a number of years. The Lewis and Clark Law School, in Portland, Oregon, has established the National Center for Animal Law and publishes an annual journal, Animal Law.  [2]  Approximately 40 law schools in the United States offer courses on animals and the law.  [3]  The legal profession in the United States has been no less active. A large number of State Bar Associations have established animal law sections or committees. Activist attorneys established the independent Animal Legal Defense Fund (ALDF) in 1981. The ALDF not only provides free legal advice and assistance to prosecutors in cruelty cases, but also maintains a national database of cruelty cases, and provides support for lawsuits that test the boundaries of animal law.  [4]  Certainly, Australias poor animal welfare standards in comparison are a fundamental flaw of Australian animal protection laws. Nevertheless, even if the State and Territory Governments decide to implement ambitious welfare standards, as the legislation stands, these standards would go substantially unenforced. As such, this essay attempts to explore the current legal system governing our animals and in the process it will bring to light the deficiencies that currently exist. The focus of which will be on the treatment of factory farmed animals and how Australia continues to lag behind the rest of the world in developing a legal system that effectively shuts out animal cruelty. The notion of animal law is one that is highly complex yet ironically extremely underdeveloped. This in turn has led to mass confusion about the treatment of animals by various bodies. According to voiceless, over the last 30 years, there has been a dramatic increase in our understanding of animal intelligence and behaviour and a broad acceptance that animals are sentient beings that have a right to live free of suffering. This has led to the recognition that the existing legal system has failed to provide animals with access to justice.  Ã‚  To address this failure, two streams of law have been developed that aim to use legal mechanisms to improve the lives of animals.  [5]   1. Animal welfare laws may be defined as those laws that seek to promote the interests of animals, within a legal framework that characterises them as property. In essence, animal welfare law sanctions exploitation of animals but seeks to define acceptable limits to that exploitation by prohibiting unnecessary pain and suffering.  [6]   Some examples of activities considered necessary under Australias current animal welfare laws include:  [7]   Confining millions of pigs, chickens and other farm animals in concrete and steel sheds (modern factory farms) with no access to the outdoors, little to no access to bedding material and  little to no meaningful contact with their young; Denying anaesthetic during painful procedures such as tail docking, castration and teeth clipping; and Using a range of methods from baits and traps to guns and bows and arrows (in some states) to kill millions of wild animals defined as feral or game every year. It is under this area of law that Australia is clearly lacking in its commitment to the protection of animal welfare. Ultimately, such necessary activities are permitted on the basis of efficiency and economics. This is further reinforced by Francione who argues that most animal welfare legislation is based on an understanding of animals as commodities (evidenced by the significant exemptions and qualifications typical of such laws, including the use of animals for food and for scientific research).  [8]  However, the imposition of cruelty for economic reasons alone is unjustified and essentially this needs to be reformed. For Singer, a utilitarian, the qualified protection provided by animal welfare legislation reflects a failure to give equal consideration to the interests of animals. In turn, this failure reflects speciesism an irrational, discriminatory and morally unjustifiable preference for the interests of humans over animals.  [9]   Public consideration of the issue of cruelty to animals tends to focus on the treatment of companion animals and animals used in research. Wolfson and Sullivan argue that this focus also underpins law-making and legal scholarship.  [10]  Yet, they point out, it is farmed animals that account for almost all animals killed by humans (in the order of 98 in every 100 killed).  [11]  This is once again a clear failure in the development of an effective body of law. The protection of animal welfare and rights is clearly a mirage of hope. This is primarily based on the notion that anti-cruelty legislation has been called upon because of the impact that humans are having on farmed animals, yet our legal bodies continue to ignore such blatant actions and focus on an area of law that appeases society without actually effectively addressing the issue at hand. Ultimately, as will be discussed later, this creates a false sense of security amongst humans that our governments are effectivel y targeting animal welfare rights. In the United States these animals are invisible to the law. At federal level, farmed animals are exempted from anti-cruelty legislation.  [12]  States are also increasingly incorporating customary farming exemptions. If industry participants can establish that particular treatment of a type of animal is commonplace and accepted industry practice, no criminal liability can arise based on that treatment, regardless of how cruel the treatment might actually be. The end result is a profit-driven industry, with a proven record of sustained infliction of cruelty on animals, which is largely self-regulated on issues of animal welfare.  [13]  Further to this, legislation in Australia exempts farming from cruelty offences, and although most jurisdictions have adopted codes of conduct for the treatment of farmed animals, these are not always compulsory, and are not subject to wide public scrutiny. Thus, the issue of profit making industries again go es to the core of animal welfare rights. The failure to understand animal welfare rights over economic progression will inevitably ensure that this remains a perpetual problem. Until society puts animal welfare ahead of profits then Australia will remain in a contained cyclical downfall with respect to the protection of animals. It is at this point where the implementation of animal rights law may help to aid the development of animal protection in the future. 2. Animal rights law may be defined as an area of law which seeks to question animals well-entrenched status as property, with a view to securing fundamental rights for (at least some) animals.  [14]  The quest for animal rights is not a pursuit for the same rights that humans should have. Essentially, animal rights lawyers argue that animals should not be treated by the law as mere things. This area of the law is based on the assumption that unless animals have rights, they will continue to be treated by society as resources to satisfy human wants and needs.  [15]   Thus it is the development of this area of law that is essential to the proper development of animal welfare laws. The development of these two areas ultimately complements one another with the hope of eradicating the issues that arise under the first type of legal system. That is, the protection of animals from unnecessary pain and suffering only. Singer may regard animal welfare legislation as a positive development, but would argue that to be effective such legislation needs to consider the interests of animals and humans equally. It is here where animal rights law begins to reflect such an ideological stance, and as already discussed, this is a major step in the development of an effective body of law that deals with animals and humans. Whilst the need for legal advocates is an urgent one, animal law, as already discussed is a relatively new body of law that is still in its infant stages of development. In the United States, animal law has been developing at an increasing rate over the last thirty years. However in Australia, there are still only a handful of advocates (committees, universities and organisations) actively debating these issues. A 2006 survey conducted in connection with the Federal Governments Australian Animal Welfare Strategy found that participants had a shallow understanding of animal welfare issues and that there appeared to be assumptions by the general public about animal welfare and the existence and enforcement of legislation to protect animals from mistreatment.  [16]  Thus, this clear lack of transparency and education with respect to the law inevitably inhibits the ability of animal law to grow as a serious body of law. In recent years, increased scrutiny and criticism of intensive factory farms have changed the way that animal industries market their products. No more hiding beneath a veil of secrecy hoping that issues such as sow stalls, battery cages and meat chicken growing and processing wont be discussed and debated. The social justice movement of animal protection is rapidly picking up momentum and animal industries are now, more than ever, being called upon to justify or change their practices. However despite this change in perception, it is clear that Australia is still falling behind in the protection of intensively farmed animals. This can primarily be linked backed to the argument that animals can never gain adequate protection under the law without a fundamental reappraisal of their legal status as property. For example, according to the American lawyer Gary Francione, because their interests are evaluated against this status as property, the outcome is almost certain: people win and a nimals lose.  [17]  He takes the view that, although an animal treatment by its owner may ostensibly be limited by anticruelty laws, property rights are paramount in determining the ambit of protection accorded to animals by law.  [18]  If we say that an animal is property, he declares, we mean that the animal is to be treated under the law primarily as a means to human ends, and not as an end in herself.  [19]  Thus, to expand legal protection and remedy available to factory farmed animals, a uniform and settled approach on standing must be established upon the principle that animals are not merely a means to human ends but have by virtue of themselves, basic moral rights.  [20]  Ultimately, the treatment of animals as property inhibits the ability of the law to protect their rights as it would be extremely unlikely that standing can be established. As Cassuto argues, animals lack legal protections because they are commodified property whose worth emanates from thei r market value.  [21]  In other words, systematic abuse arises is sanctioned in the discourse of property because such animals are not considered as individual, sentient beings but a mere commodity.  [22]  Granting standing to a plaintiff to sue to enforce an animal welfare statue therefore can serve to interfere in another individuals property right. The conflict of interest that arises is therefore an inherent problem within this body of law. The continuation of animals being associated as mere commodities will essentially inhibit the development of animal rights and ultimately will ensure Australia remains behind the rest of the world. The notion that factory farmed animals are mere commodities with no measurable rights is made apparent especially in our NSW legislation. The legislative framework governing the lives of animals on factory farms is indicative of the dichotomy drawn between farm animals on the one hand and companion animals or endangered species on the other. As already pointed out by Wolfson, public consideration of the issue of cruelty to animals tends to focus on the treatment of companion animals and animals used in research. This is made no more apparent than in our legislation. Firstly, NSW implemented the Companion Animals Act 1998 (NSW).  [23]  The Companion Animals Act covers the responsibilities and rights of the owners of companion animals, such as cats and dogs. The aim of the legislation is to protect the rights of animals and their owners in balance with the rights and needs of others in the community. Thus, where NSW attempts to convey to the public that it is serious about animal r ights, it appears that this is only with respect to companion animals. It is an unfortunate occurrence as it has created a sense of security amongst the public that our state is serious about animal protection, yet the truth of the matter is that we are neglecting the primary group of animals that are in need the most. In NSW, the key piece of legislation is the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (POCTAA).  [24]  One would assume that this may provide some protection to farmed animals. However, this is clearly not the case as Peter Sankoff suggests An examination of POCTAA as a stand-alone document further supports the suggestion that the animals best protected by NSW animal welfare law are animals the community has the most immediate and intimate relationship with.  [25]  Provisions in the Act establish stringent definitions of cruelty contained in sections 4(2) and 5 in which the following is an act of cruelty whereby an animal is unreasonably, unnecessarily or unju stifiably beaten, kicked, killed, wounded, pinioned, mutilated, maimed, abused, tormented, tortured, terrified or infuriated, over-loaded, over-worked, over-driven, over-ridden or over-used, exposed to excessive heat or excessive cold, or inflicted with pain. In section 4 of the POCTA Act, animals used for the production of food and industry are defined as stock animals comprising cattle, horses, sheep, goats, deer, pigs, and poultry. By virtue of this definition they are exempt from numerous acts that would come under the definition of cruelty if these acts were committed against an animal not defined as a stock animal.  [26]  Such exemptions are facilitated by the establishment of a legal defense to an alleged cruel practice through section 24 of the POCTA Act whereby a person is not guilty of the offence if the court is satisfied that the act or omission in respect of which the proceedings are being taken was done to a stock animal in the course of various industry practices.   [27]  Such practices sustaining the defense include ear tagging or branding and all acts if an animal is less than two to six months of age depending on the species of animals. Stock animals are also exempted from section 9 of the POCTA Act which stipulates that confined animals are to be exercised. Under 34A the POCTA Act, Industry codes of Practice can be adopted as guidelines, relating to the welfare of farm animals meaning that it is the Industries themselves regulating animal welfare in factory farms. This essentially creates a clear conflict of interest because rather than establish independent bodies or legislative frameworks, removed from subjective bias such as monetary concerns it appears that the government is content with self regulation that is clearly ineffective. Further to this, an examination of the other regulatory instruments that work alongside POCTAA further support the suggestion that being a high visibility animal is legislatively beneficial. Exhibited a nimals, the highest visibility animals, are granted the full range of protections available under POCTAA, and then they have their own piece of additional legislation in the form of the Exhibited Animals Protection Act 1986 (NSW).  [28]  The protections available to animals in circuses, zoos, and those used in theatre and film, are strong and comprehensive. The reason EAPA was created was due to the public outcry over the poor conditions being provided for animals exhibited in some circuses and fauna parks.  [29]  This demonstrates how important visibility is to good legal protections, and essentially this highlights the chronic issue plaguing farmed animals as they are completely removed from the spotlight. Thus it is clear this is an extremely underdeveloped area of law, as Wolfson identifies, it is farmed animals that account for almost all animals killed by humans (in the order of 98 in every 100 killed).  [30]  Thus, how can Australia possibly consider itself at the forefront of animal welfare rights, when the core group of animals remains unprotected by any form of solid legislation? Essentially, Australia is still lagging behind significantly and this will be further highlighted by a comparative analysis below of the developments taking place in the United States and Europe. The underdevelopment of our legal system with respect to animals is not confined to NSW only. If one were to take an analytical view of our Victorian legislation for instance, the public would indeed see that this is a nationwide issue. Section 6(1) of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 Victoria, and its state and territory equivalents, exclude production animals (the vast majority of animals in Australia) from the legislations protection. If production industries follow a code of practice for their particular animal, they are exempted from prosecution for cruelty, despite the fact the codes are barely enforced, or allow very cruel practices. However, as discussed above, such codes of practice are clearly a form of appeasement rather than a serious attempt at protecting our animals. As a result, millions of factory-farmed animals daily endure conditions that would be illegal if they involved a companion animal such as a cat or dog. As Katrina Sharman, corporate counsel for animal advocacy group Voiceless says: Most never see the light of day, feel the earth beneath their feet, walk freely, stretch their wings or limbs, forage for food or engage in normal socialisation.  [31]  Even the limited legislative protection that Australia offers animals is inadequately enforced. Under section 24 of the act, charges may be laid by a member of the police force, a public servant in the Department of Primary Industries, municipal council officer or RSPCA officer.  [32]  But in reality, all bodies are under-resourced, meaning most breaches of the law are not detected or investigated, let alone prosecuted, even if there is genuine will to do so.  [33]  And even if someone is convicted, penalties are woeful. Under section 10 of the act, for example, the maximum penalty for aggravated cruelty is 12 months jail. In this regard, greater deterrence through the form of a more imposing legislative framework is crucial to ensure that industries and individuals refrain from continuing such acts. Ultimately, education has been an insufficient tool to protect our animals and from an industry perspective, unless penalties become harsher, they are going to continue to practice in a way that is focused on efficiency alone and not in a way that would be in the animals interest. According to a publication issued by the Australian Chicken Meat Federation Inc: Concern for bird welfare is backed by Government and Industry Standards which ensure birds are kept comfortable and treated humanely.  [34]  Similarly, Australian Pork Limiteds website tells us that: Australian consumers can have every confidence in the animal welfare standards applied by Australian pork producers [because] our farmers all abide by the standards as set out in the Model Code.  [35]  Despite such positive sentiments, the issue at hand here is that most farm animals fall largely outside the protective reach of animal welfare legislation. They are classified in law as property or commodities as discussed above. The Codes mirror this approach, which has drastic ramifications for the way farm animals are treated. For example, the Codes permit permanent indoor confinement of female pigs, layer hens and meat chickens in circumstances which severely limit their ability to carry out their normal behaviours. They also provide for certain Management Practices or Elective Husbandry Procedures to be performed on farm animals. The Pig Code  [36]  sanctions the docking of piglets tails, while the Poultry Code  [37]  provides for layer hens to be subjected to appropriate beak trimming. These procedures are both permitted to be carried out without pain relief, notwithstanding the fact that scientific research points to the fact that they are likely to cause acute and chronic pain.  [38]  Most animals in factory farms live a life of confinement. They spend their time crammed into cages, sheds or feedlots and they never see the sun. Take, for example, the breeding pigs (sows), numbering about 300,000.  [39]  These intelligent, emotionally complex beings spend the bulk of their reproductive lives in stalls so small they cannot turn around.  [40]  The sole purpose of their existence, as determined by us, is to produce the five million pigs slaughtered every y ear to fill the mouths of our pork, ham and bacon lovers.  [41]  This industry is so fixated on profits and meeting the demands of society that from an economic perspective no other form of treatment is feasible. Thus, it is clear that the industry has taken advantage of the laxity of the legislative framework and incorporated this into its own practice codes and industry standards. Through this, it is clear that Australia desperately needs to change to ensure that it ceases to lag behind the rest of the world and become a leader at the forefront of animal welfare. As argued, Australia is clearly lagging behind in the development of animal law, and the primary area is that of factory farmed animals. Despite Australian Pork Limited Claiming that Australian pig farmers are leading the way in making positive changes in the way pigs are raised, such claims are largely a falsity. As can be seen from the discussion above, in Australia, there are State and Territory animal welfare laws that are intended to protect animals but in reality, the fundamental interests of most farm animals, including pigs, are not protected in law. As already discussed, National Model Codes of Practice apply in addition to some animal welfare laws; however, these Codes also fail to provide true protection. To make matters worse, they are often used to justify many cruel factory farming practices. The current Model Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals- Pigs (revised) (2006) (the Revised Code)  is no exception. Continuing on from the above discussion, some of the cru el practices it permits are: Pregnant sows may be confined for the duration of their 16 week pregnancy in individual sow stalls, measuring no more than 0.6 x 2.2m. These stalls, which have been associated with physical disorders, chronic stress and depression, are so small that female pigs cannot even turn around.  [42]   From about 2017: The maximum time for holding pregnant pigs in sow stalls will reduce to 6 weeks. This is two weeks more than the minimum standard being introduced by the European Union and New Zealand. Sow stalls are already banned  in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands and Finland. They are also banned in Florida and are being phased out in Arizona, California, Colorado, Maine, Michigan and Oregon in the United States. Two of the largest pork producers in the US and Canada also recently announced their plans to phase out sow stalls.  Ã‚  [43]   Heavily pregnant and nursing sows will be confined for up to 6 weeks of each reproductive cycle in farrowing crates, before their young are prematurely weaned. These crates, which measure 0.5 x 2.2m, are even smaller than sow stalls.  [44]   Pig producers  are not obligated to provide access to the outdoors where pigs can engage in natural behaviours such as grazing, wallowing in mud, walking around and nosing or manipulating their environment.  [45]   Painful mutilations of young piglets, including tail docking, teeth clipping and castration without pain relief, continue to be permitted.  [46]   Natural materials such as straw for sleeping and nesting, while encouraged,  are not mandatory, rendering many pigs subject to a miserable life on concrete floors.  [47]   Thus, whilst it is correct to say that the Pig Code has recently been reviewed, the upshot of that review, other than largely reinstating the existing system, was to defer phasing out sow stalls for a decade. If sow stalls are phased out in 2017 as mentioned above, then Australia will still be 14 years behind the EU which hasnt allowed new stalls to be built since 2003. Australia will also be markedly behind eight US States including, most recently, Michigan, which is scheduled to phase out sow stalls over the next decade. No Australian jurisdiction has even meaningfully debated a ban on sow stalls. Their spin on the Poultry Code appears to have overlooked the section conveniently titled hatchery management which allows approximately ten million culled or surplus hatchlings (predominately male chicks) to be disposed of by carbon dioxide gassing or quick maceration as if they are trash, which technically they are in industry terms, since they are of no economic utility.  [48]  AE CLs press release also failed to mention that conventional battery cages are scheduled to be phased out across the European Union by 2012, whereas several attempts to introduce a ban in Australia have met considerable resistance.  [49]   Further to the above, a number of European countries have taken a leadership role in the area of chicken meat

Quatitative Research Article Critique

In this article, Roy and Therin present the results of an empirical study investigating the relationship between an enterprise’s knowledge acquisition activities and its environmental commitment. The article identifies past research related to knowledge acquisition and environmental commitment and informs the reader that although much as been written about this subject businesses remain confused about how to adopt these environmental considerations. This study shows to be significant, practical and the results could be utilized in real-world business applications. The literature review was comprehensive, up to date and well organized. The authors were able to identify and relate previous research to the current problem. The review identifies many different ideas from a variety of sources all of which relate to the problem statement. Activities specific to environmental issues should offer SMEs valuable knowledge to support their efforts towards a greater environmental commitment (Revel and Rutherfoord, 2003; Simpson et al. 2004) shows how an environmental relationship can help an enterprise. Also read this  Critique of Stuff Is Not Salvation The study identifies four questions of focus to determine if small and medium enterprises (SMEs) can be evaluated on how their knowledge network relates to environment commitment. A hypothesis is established, expecting that firms that are more involved in regular scanning activities will demonstrate a higher level of environmental commitment The methodology is clearly outlined in the study; the desired population was SMEs from six different manufacturing sectors identified using the Quebec Industrial Research Center database. Since these companies face direct involvement with environment issues they should be motivated to respond with un-biased and truthful responses. The data was gathered using phone interviews with senior administrators carried out by a specialized survey firm. The questions given in the survey were measured by the responders perception of the knowledge management processes and the answers were evaluated using Likert-type scales. The research compiles results and uses the information to classify the enterprises as low or high environmental commitment. Since the study could result in a positive or negative effect to a company’s business to can be questioned whether the responses can be completely valid. The authors provided precisely tabulated graphic and narrative evidence used to support the problem statement. Tables containing the various enterprise categories and their environmental commitment levels were provided and are easily understood. The sample consisted of 136 businesses and t tests were performed on independent samples and the significance levels were identified. All of the acquired results are closely related to the study questions and the information is interpreted accurately. This study confirms the author’s hypothesis and provided excess information related to the subject. The authors did recognize the need to preform further research in order to better understand the relationship. There is no evidence that the external validity of this study should be questioned, it is clear that the study can be applied to a separate sample group and produce similar results.

Practicum report sample for hotel and restaurant management Essay

COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT HRM 117- OJT in Hotel BSHM STUDENTS PRACTICUM EVALUATION FORM Aaron C. Magallon Student Front Office – Bell Service Department and Position DUSIT THANI MANILA Cooperating Hotel PERIOD COVERED: _________________________________ DIRECTION:The statement below represents the expected skills and other personal qualities of HM practicum students. Please rate the trainee accordingly by checking the appropriate box with the corresponding points relative to the acquired knowledge and skills. The five points Liker Scale below will guide in your rating. POINTS VERBAL INTERPRETATION EVALUATION SCALE GRADE 5 Excellent4.20-5.00 1.00 4Very Good (VG)3.40-4.19 1.25 3 Good (G)2.60-3.39 1.50 2 Fair (F)1.80-2.59 1.75 1 Poor (P)1.00-1.79 2.00 AREA 1: VOCATIONAL / TRADE SKILLS (25%) 5 4 3 2 1 1.1 Quality of work ability to meet Quality of Standards 1.2 Application of acquired knowledge and skills 1.3 Ability to use tools and equipment properly 1.4 Ability of work safety, effectively, and efficiency Weighted Mean AREA 2: WORK QUALITIES AND HABITS 5 4 3 2 1 2.1 Industry Personal application to assigned work 2.2 Reliability 2.3 Initiative 2.4 Punctuality 2.5 Ability to follow direction Weighted Mean AREA 3: PERSONAL AND SOCIAL QUALITIES 5 4 3 2 1 3.1 Cooperative-ability to work together with other people 3.2 Self-Control ability to control emotions 3.3 Poise-demonstrate level of self-confidence appropriate for the job 3.4 Reaction to advice and constructive criticism 3.5 Willingness to follow direction 3.6 Adaptability-capacity to adjust to new problem and changing situation Weighted Mean AREA 4: COMMUNICATION SKILLS 5 4 3 2 1 4.1 Ability in oral communication 4.2 Ability in written communication 4.3 Knowledge of vocabulary related to the job Weighted Mean AREA 5: PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP 5 4 3 2 1 5.1 Ability to work harmoniously with co-workers 5.2 Ability to work harmoniously with immediate supervisors Weighted Mean COMMENTS: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Grand Mean: ________Equivalent Grade: ________ EVALUATOR Signature over Printed Name Noted by: MS. DULCE B. AURELIO Practicum Coordinator

What does vehicle tracking system mean - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 33 Words: 10014 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? What is vehicle tracking system? Vehicle tracking system is to track the vehicles location and its kind of electronic device and need to install in the vehicle. There are many kind of vehicle tracking system like GPS, RFID, fleet tracking system, VTU, satellite tracking, etc. Among them, I would like to introduce the GPS vehicle tracking system, RFID vehicle tracking system and VTU vehicle tracking unit. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What does vehicle tracking system mean?" essay for you Create order There are two tracking system, active and passive. Passive tracking is only record the movement of the vehicle and do not transmit data. But the active tracking is record the location and transmits this to the central control. GPS 1. tracking method The most popular and famous method is Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS can show the accurate location of vehicle and when combine with other communication media like cellular or satellite transmitters. It can provide the electronic maps use internet or special software. 2. accuracy of the tracking method Not all, but certain atmospheric factors and some sources of errors can affect the accuracy of GPS receivers. GPS receivers can perform accurately within 15 meters. Todays GPS are extremely accurate because of the parallel multi-channel design. The accuracy of position determined with receiver types. Receiver use Differential GPS, obtains higher accuracy. 3. information given by tracking system Once the users position has been determined, a vehicle tracking system using GPS takes the location, speed, direction and time data provided. The GPS unit can calculate other information, such as speed, bearing, track, trip distance, distance to destination, sunrise and sunset time and more. 4. how often information is transmitted form vehicle to central control The information updated automatically every couple of minutes. The system will update the location of your vehicle every five minutes 24/7/365. 5. method of data transmission to center When GPS is set up in the cars, the position of the vehicle is provided based on satellite information and this can constantly update the location. The GPS receiver receives the information from the satellite signal. All the messages sent between vehicle and central control are using mobile network and this can be captured by the central control. Transmitter power is only 50 watts or less. 6. cost per day There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS. The average cost for using GPS per vehicle for a day is about $1.50. All vehicles can reduce at least 25 miles per week using GPS tracking system. Thus we can reduce $37.50 for a week and $1950 for annual. 7. additional services that system provided GPS vehicle tracking system can provide a range of features meaning you can find the ideal system for any situation. In coming days, GPS will be process more readily available not only as a tracking chip, but also as functional software in the cell phone or handheld. However, as the process become efficient, users will be able to access maps and other useful information directly through their phones and handhelds. When taxi drivers are driving to the customers, GPS will be at their side to advise them as to the most direct or fastest route. 8. Limitations of the system GPS can operate in any weather conditions and everywhere, also time is not limited. The signals travel by line of sight, meaning they will pass through clouds, glass and plastic but will not go through most solid objects such as buildings and mountains. Thus GPS cant do indoor tracking. When you need outdoor tracking, GPS will need to combine with RFID. GPS cant work underground, underwater and indoors. Noise, clouds and other atmospheric phenomena can affect the accuracy of GPS between 1 to 10 meters and up to 30 meters. To overcome interferences, other technology, AGPS, DGPS, and WAAS, has been developed to aid in determining an accurate location. Recommendation The GPS vehicle tracking system can provide best vehicle tracking with secure data transmission. It also can work in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world and anytime. With GPS tracking system, your company can provide two main services you whish to provide to customers with best services. With the use of GPS, you can also check the customer is arrived to the destination or not and that vehicle is available to hire, from the controller. GPS can give not only route information to driver but also other additional features. GPS can estimate time when the taxi will arrive to the customer and show the exact location of vehicle anytime. If the taxi is late, using GPS can find out the problem of why it is. GPS function doesnt have limited number of vehicle that can use. The extension of vehicle is allowed. Using GPS, we can know the actual location of the vehicle and its actually work. Controller can also easy to inform to driver, the nearest location of customer. GPS is the cost ef fective method with faster and reliable tracking system that you should be used. 2. RFID RFID is the Radio Frequency Identification system that can use for tracking various kinds of things.Radio Frequency Identification is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called tags. In RFID, uses radio waves to capture data from tags. Also use to track vehicles and give high identification accuracy. 1. The tracking method RFID system needs the tag (may be active or passive), reader (antenna or integrator) and software. The RFID reader transmits the information to the tag and the tag accepts this data. The data collected from tags is passing the communication wireless media and give this data to the computer. Thus, you can view the status and location of mobile resources from anywhere over the internet. 2. Accuracy of the tracking method The RFID reader has a read range 5m to 30m according to the reader type and the technology used, active or passive. It can perform accurately in the given distance with fast reading speed. Automotives can be real-time tracked and data of vehicles can be written at long distance. 3. Information delivered by the tracking system With this RFID vehicle tracking system, car information can be automated gathered to enable vehicle management to be more efficient and safe. This can provide accurate data updated in up-to-minute. The system give tracked vehicle location, speed, and heading in real-time 24/7. And show the location and status of objects on maps, lists or indoor plans. 4. How often the information is transmitted from the vehicle to the central control system Transmission method is totally depend on the wave signal type. Transmission of data can be difficult in the places of wireless connections and network. The wave signal is difficult to download in every minute and thus, data is transmitted to the control centre 5 times in an hour. Data sent to servers on a regular basis, or when the object moves or upon request. 5. Method of data transmission from vehicle to centre The tag on the vehicle reflects a small part of this RF energy back to the antenna. The reflected radio waves denote the tags unique identification code and other stored data. To become perfect tracking system, RFID a completely wireless system using WiFi or Ethernet TCP/IP or a combination of the two to send positional data back to the central system with the lowest implementation costs. The antenna relays the signal to the reader, which can add information and stores it in a buffer. The reader can transmit the tags identification code to the customers information management system. And the entire process takes only milliseconds. 6. Cost per vehicle par day of using the system RFID equipment, reader cost about $450 for the whole system according to the use of device. Price of passive tag cost 10 cents and $1 and the active cost more than $20. RFID cost about $6 par day per vehicle. The daily cost is expensive and less effective. Thus, RFID is more expensive and also less functions than GPS. To track the vehicle too far from the country or within the country, we need many work stations. 7. Additional services that the system provided And most of RFID tags can customized to match user requirement function like prevent with appropriate password security authorized staff. In active system, the tags can support additional features such temperature sensing. An active RFID system is viable where the objects to be tracked are higher value, mission critical, have a consequential impact if not quickly located, or there is an additional security, regulatory or health and safety requirement for such information. 8. Limitations of the system And with a read range of up to 15 feet, RFID tag has a unique ID cater for the secure operation of this RFID vehicle tracking system. The distance that a tag can be read by the reading device is a function of the relative strength of the signals. Signal strength depends on the strength of the energy field, the efficiency of the tags to change the energy wave into the RF wave, conditions that can block or interfere with the energy waves (i.e., metal, water) and the sensitivity of the antennas attached to the tag and the reading device. Automatic Vehicle Tacking Unit (AVT)1. The tracking method The Automatic Vehicle Tracking System (AVTS) consists of Vehicle Tracking Units (VTU) mounted on vehicles, Fleet Management System (FMS) at Network Center and a communication network between VTU and the Network Center. The VTU has inbuilt GPS card and necessary firmware for automatic operation. The VTU retrieves the position information of the vehicle at predefined regular intervals and forwards it to the NMS at network center through the communication network. The position data is automatically saved to a database server at network center. The user can view position of vehicles on a map in real-time or in playback modes. 2. Accuracy of the tracking method By using the latest GPS andGSM technology to protect and monitor your vehicle, virtually anywhere and then locate it to within a few meters. The tracking centre operator monitors your vehicle 24 hours. The network of ATU has ample capability to handle over million of vehicles at a time and ensure the safety of data even in NON-GSM areas for several months. Data accuracy is about 25-30 feet or better. 3. The information delivered by the tracking system The tracking system transmits detailed tabular trip report with date, time, route, location, speed, etc. Can also watch your vehicle moving in real-time on the map, route being traversed, distance covered and at what speed. PC in the vehicle can capture travel data such as direction, speed, duration of stops, and addresses along the route. 4. How often transmitted vehicle to central control Data updating to central control is at intervals ranging from 1 second to 1 hour. Our optimum setting is 10 seconds updates. The data recorder can store over 2,400 hours (100-days) of recorded data. 5. Method of transmission form vehicle to centre The communication network provides the connectivity between the VTU and the Network Center. Typically the VTU is provided with communication hardware based on GSM Technology. It also offer solutions based on Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) as well as MSS+GSM based hybrid solution. 6. Cost per vehicle par day This system can be purchased for 6 months at $30.00 or 12 months at $60.00. Sign up for 12 months of this service for just $5 a month. Tracking hardware is about $200. 7. Additional services The tracking centre operator monitors your vehicle 24 hours per day for unauthorised intrusion, theft, accident, breakdown, panic/assistance, vehicle movement or breach of a predefined Geo -fence boundary. The operator can then perform numerous tasks including; engine immobilisation, unlock doors, advise the police or dispatch security response. Command and control, speed limit, way-points and stoppages, etc can be available and some features like Geofencing Location Tracking, Speed Tracking, SMS alerts, Route Mapping, Way Points Management, vehicle snapshot, route replay can access. You can gather travel details for every city, every turn, and every stop can also display according to the recorder. 8. Limitations of the system The vehicle tracking device VTU is the total security protection and fleet management solution. The device incorporates a covertly installed module (which works and communicates independently) but has the ability to run in conjunction with your local GSM network (DTMF, voice message, SMS, GPRS or GSM modem call). 2 way voice communication methods There is several voice communication methods to communicate, using various types of signals such as radio frequencies, satellite signals. Among them, the most reasonable methods I want to advise you is General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Public Access Mobile Radio (PAMR) and Private Mobile Radio (PMR). General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) 1. How the method works Among wireless data services General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is the most popular one. This provides users with packet data services using the GSM digital radio network. GPRS is hand over communication when GPRS connection travels from one base station to another. The GPRS service joins together multiple speech channels to provide higher bandwidth data connections for GPRS data users. GPRS service is dialed in a similar manner to a standard data call at which point the user is attached and an IP address is allocated and data can flow to and from the Internet until the network unattached. GPRS only uses the medium during times that data is being sent or received. Users have dedicated connections during their entire call (Half duplex). GPRS mobile station registers with the network and connected to voice networks by the mobile switching center, GPRS packets are sent from the base station to what is called a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN). 2. legal requirement for operation system The GSM association undertakes to give to the company (a) Non-exclusive, royalty free license to use or deal with the [ x number of copies ] of the GPRS management agreement [numbered x to z] in accordance with the conditions prescribed in this agreement (b) registered copies of the detailed specification of the confidentiality algorithm for protection of the information exchanged over the radio channels of a GSM GPRS system License duration is five years and user is unauthorized to keep copies or photocopies of license agreement. The organization should be the one that manufacture equipment of GSM GPRS standards for use by public telecommunications and these has been tested. The company must be a member of the GSM Association. 3. cost of setting up operating system The cost of GPRS recorder for 1 Unit is about $399 and the license fee is $37.99 per month. In GPRS, users will only pay for the amount of data they actually communicate. The cost of GPRS is $0.01160 per Kb (billed per 20Kb) for unencrypted data and encrypted data cost $0.0058 per kilobyte with no minimum session charge. Users can prepay at $1.20 / $1 per five minutes, $20 per month. A license is valid for five years and renewable. Administrative fee costs 1000 EURO. (1 EURO=1.48$) 4. limitations of each method(interference, range) Each voice circuit in GSM transmits the speech on a secure 14kbps digital radio link between the mobile phone and a nearby GSM transceiver station. Each 14kbps channel may be shared by multiple connected GPRS users (many users will be connected to the network but transmitting very little data). A GPRS user may theoretically use all voice channels on one transceiver (8 * 14 kbps) but radios to support this are not available and the operators will probably reserve at least some channels for voice circuits. As a users data requirements grow, they will use more of the available capacity within that timeslot, and then more available timeslots up to the maximum available or the maximum supported by their device. The connection to the GPRS network is always on, but the device needs to connect to the data terminal. The connection times are of course much lower than dial up. GPRS connection to be ready to use in 7 seconds, while a dial up requires around 35 seconds becoming ready. Public Transmission Mobile Radio a) How each method works? Public Access Mobile Radio (PAMR) is the method of two way radio communications and services are provided from a transmitter at a single site called common base station. To become the network that use in the regional, many transmitters are needed to link. Signals go 45 m from the station. PAMR network use channels every available channels from numbers of linked. No need to wait channel make less taking time and efficiency was improved. But PAMR is lack of privacy because all customers are share services with group use. It also dont have license to apply to assign the channels that will be used. But can add function like short interconnection to PSTN. b) Details of legal requirements for operating the system in your country There are no legal requirements for operating system. c) Costs of setting up and operating the systems This will only cost the equipment cost. Because this is not the secure communication, you will need to consider problems like eavesdropping and men-in-the-middle. d) Limitations of each method The highest point of any PAMR antenna must no be more than 60 feet above the ground or 20 feet above the highest point of the structure on which it is mounted. The channels authorized to PAMR systems are available on a shared basis only and will not be assigned for the exclusive use of any entity. Those using PAMR transmitters must cooperate in the selection and use of channels in order to reduce interference and make the most effective use of authorized facilities. Private Mobile Radio (PMR) a) how each method works Private Mobile Radio (PMR) or as it is sometimes called Professional Mobile Radio is widely used for businesses as a very convenient way of communicating. It typically refers to sophisticated radio trucking services that provide two-way mobile radio communications for mobile users to connect to PMR voice telephony and data networks.This method is used the half-duplex system. A half-duplex system provides for communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously). Typically, once a party begins receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting, before replying. In automatically-run communications systems, such as two-way data-links, the time allocations for communications in a half-duplex system can be firmly controlled by the hardware. Thus, there is no waste of the channel for switching.The power of the radio is one of the main factors in determining range. Height is another important factor, as the higher the antenna, the further the radio waves can travel. Mobile Marine Systems provide a comprehensive range of professional private mobile radio (pmr) and radio systems integration services for adding value to your portable communication needs. b)details of legal requirements for operating the system in your country Radio communication, such as PMR, is frequently used to provide the necessary communication between all the members of the scheme. All such systems using PMR must be licensed and associated legislation. Licenses are allocated for operation on a particular channel or channels. The base station may be run by an operating company who will hire out channels to individual users. PMR licenses can only be issued to a legal entity; namely an individual, partnership, limited company or incorporated association. A license cannot be issued in the name of a body which does not have legal status, e.g. a group formed merely to provide funding for the purchase and running of a Watch scheme. It is common practice for a license to be held by an individual member of the group, however it should be noted that in such cases the license belongs to that individual, who is responsible for compliance with the terms of the license. Should they cease to be a member of the group, a new license will need to be applied for. It is recommended that applicants do not purchase any equipment until a licence schedule has been issued, detailing the frequency and facilities the Agency is prepared to licence. c) costs of setting up and operating the systems 1. A fee of $750 shall be payable for every fixed or base station on the issue or renewal of the licence. 2. A fee of $270 shall be payable for every mobile station on the issue or renewal of the licence. 3. If, during the period of 12 months following the grant or renewal of the licence, (a) new fixed or base stations are added to the licence, there shall be payable at the time of addition of every such station a further fee of $62.5 for each whole month of the remaining term of the licence; (b) new mobile stations are added to the licence, there shall be payable at the time of addition of every such station a further fee of $22.5 for each whole month of the remaining term of the licence. d) limitations of each method CTCSS is the most common protection available and is a widespread technology inbuilt into the radio but may not have been activated. If believe you have interference, you should check with your radio supplier that you have CTCSS or a similar system activated on your radios before you contact ComReg. These two types of interference have very similar symptoms within an affected radio system. The most common symptom is reduced range, there are many other common faults that a system can develop that will also result in reduced range. There are many other causes of interference to a PMR system, most of which are generally as a result of improper installation or dated equipment. It is important that you keep your equipment well maintained and serviced regularly. Old equipment should be replaced as some pieces of older equipment operate outside of the specifications laid down in the license conditions. Recommendation GPRS refers to a high-speed packet data technology with always-on connectivity. It can be highly cost effective to use the Internet instead of making long distance phone calls, and in the case of international connections, much more reliable. Although using only GPRS is not secure perfectly, you can add many features to protect your data. The cost is also most reasonable among all methods. GPRS recorders are not expensive as 3G does. License fee is also reasonable and the payment is varying with the use of our company. To set up GPRS in your vehicle and control centre is so easy. GPRS method is not complex to use and all the controllers can handle perfectly with in touch method. It can provide the most suitable features that need for your company. GPRS is the most popular method among all of the voice communication methods in nowadays. Topology with operation In computer networking, topology refers to the layout of connected devices that arrange the links and nodes, etc. According to the topology used nodes distances, speed, interconnections for physical are different. The standard topologies of networking are bus ring star tree mesh Hybrid Bus Topology All nodes are connected to the common cable called backbone or trunk in Bus topology. The data are carried by the node to node and only two endpoint (use terminator) connected to the backbone. Distributed bus is has more than one node and formed as branches. When the backbone is damage the network is not usable. Ring Topology In Ring topology the node is connected to two other nodes at the end. Thus, the shape of nodes is formed as ring. Dual-ring is also ring topology formed the double ring and data can flow in opposite directions around two rings. Star Topology Star network topology has one central node connected with many nodes. All data is transmitted to this central node retransmits the data to other nodes. Thus it does not have central connection point. Extended star has repeaters between the hub and nodes. Distributed star is physical star topology connected together in a linear fashion. Tree topology Tree topology is that multiple star topologies together onto a bus and the simplest form is hub connected directly to the tree bus and each hub functions as the root of a tree. This topology is the expedition of network. Each node has fixed number connected to lower level like Hierarchy and have at least 3 levels. Mash topology Mesh topologies has two cable paths but the data travel in one direction. This topology is mostly use in WAN network. Each node is connected to other nodes in the network and transmits data from one node to another. Full mesh is costly and complex for practical networks. Partial mash is not complex and expensive as full mash. Hybrid topology The hybrid is used to create the complex networks when networks are connected more than one which based on the same physical topology. 2.Types of media The common types of network media use in networking are twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables, and wireless media. Actually, network media is used to travel radio signals or electronic signals from one place to another to form a network. But it can not work until you match this with appropriate topology. Coaxial cable Coaxial cable consists of the hollow outer conductor and this is surrounded by the single inner wire made up of two conducting elements where located in the center is the copper cable. Coaxial cable need less distance of cable than twisted-pair cable. Ethernet backbone called Thicknet use higher transmission. Thinnet is weak shield connection. Twist-pair cable Twisted-pair, use in Ethernet network, wires are twisted to protect crosstalk. This type is self-protected and canceling technique is used in this cable. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) The UTP cable is used in various networks and it include eight individual copper wires, twisted each other. UTP is use for LAN and Ethernets. This can provide the best speed in copper based wires in nowadays. Cable length is short although the transmitting is not fast. Shielded twisted pair (UTP) STP main function is reducing electrical noise of cable, shielding and cancellation by twisting wires. Although the cable is short, it is moderately expensive. But UTP is less expensive than STP. Fiber optic cable Fiber optic cable transmits information by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. Fiber optic network can transmit data with high speeds and have a large carrying capacity with great resistance and signals can go further without needing to refresh, lower attenuation and interference. It expensive to install and operate can connect short distance and low bandwidth applications. Wireless communication Wireless communication transmits data using the radio frequencies (RF). The main key controller is the wireless hub called access point. The PC or laptop must have wireless adapter card to receive distribute signal. The signals are electromagnetic waves and can travel through the vacuum of outer space and air. No other physical media is need for wireless signals to create a network. Wireless signals use portions of RF spectrum to transmit voice, video, and data. 1. Recommendation I recommend the star topology with unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable. Star topology has high force tolerance. If a node is fail, the other nodes can be work until the server is available. It can extend easily. The extendibility of this topology provides the big help in extending new taxi for the company. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is one of the widely use and widely available media. Because of small size, the installation is easy. UTP cable is easy to install and is less expensive than other types of networking media. UTP costs less per meter than any other type of LAN cabling. Inexpensive and can get suitable services is also the good advantages for the company. To create the in-house network (LAN) for taxi company, the star topology with UTP media is the best match and the most suitable. I. Security issues relating to transmission of vehicle location data For vehicle tracking system, I recommended the GPS vehicle tracking method. When we need the secure data transmission, we need to prevent the network that we will use. First of all, there are three main requirements to become a secure network. They are the privacy, integrity and availability. The privacy issue is means the un-authorized users are gaining access to the network. There are many problems that we should consider when we consider the network security for transmission of vehicle location data. They are eavesdropping, Man-in-the-Middle. They are the most effective problems for security of vehicle location data transmission. Eavesdropping is the main problem of radio-oriented networks. This is the manner of snooping of information carried by the network. This may be borrowing a terminal whilst the user is away or tapping into the cables that carry the signals. In wireless network, radio frequency can be easily intercepted outside the premises. Thus any unauthorized mobile dev ice can be act as the receiver. Eavesdropping can enable from nearby premises. The hacker may remain undetected as there is no need to physically enter or connect to the premises. Most of the GPS vehicles tracking system use Private Network in the case of transmission data. This is the making of another passageway to transmit data on the Internet as private network. Using private network, we can use encryption and encapsulation technologies. Because of this function, the possibility of problems is already reduced and can provide secure data transmission of vehicle data. II. Voice communication transmission For two way voice communication, I recommended the GPRS. Man-in-the-Middle is also important for security of the network when transmit data. In this case, the third party intercepts a two way conversation. Third party pretends to each party that he is the other party. Eavesdropping and the modification of messages can occur before they received. If you need some secure information transmission, you should use the security protection like verbal instructions, queries can be used. Protection like adding software or system to protect the voice transmission security is need. The controllers respectively should use the password protection to use the central control. But this Internet-based technique does raise an issue of privacy from hackers without using private network. Thus security issues arise when data needs to leave the GPRS network to be delivered to either the Internet or a company LAN. Internet connectivity need to pay security charge by encrypting. Security features combine with GPRS, your company will get the best vehicle tracking system with 100% security. What is vehicle tracking system? Vehicle tracking system is to track the vehicles location and its kind of electronic device and need to install in the vehicle. There are many kind of vehicle tracking system like GPS, RFID, fleet tracking system, VTU, satellite tracking, etc. Among them, I would like to introduce the GPS vehicle tracking system, RFID vehicle tracking system and VTU vehicle tracking unit. There are two tracking system, active and passive. Passive tracking is only record the movement of the vehicle and do not transmit data. But the active tracking is record the location and transmits this to the central control. GPS 8. tracking method The most popular and famous method is Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS can show the accurate location of vehicle and when combine with other communication media like cellular or satellite transmitters. It can provide the electronic maps use internet or special software. 9. accuracy of the tracking method Not all, but certain atmospheric factors and some sources of errors can affect the accuracy of GPS receivers. GPS receivers can perform accurately within 15 meters. Todays GPS are extremely accurate because of the parallel multi-channel design. The accuracy of position determined with receiver types. Receiver use Differential GPS, obtains higher accuracy. 3. information given by tracking system Once the users position has been determined, a vehicle tracking system using GPS takes the location, speed, direction and time data provided. The GPS unit can calculate other information, such as speed, bearing, track, trip distance, distance to destination, sunrise and sunset time and more. 10. how often information is transmitted form vehicle to central control The information updated automatically every couple of minutes. The system will update the location of your vehicle every five minutes 24/7/365. 11. method of data transmission to center When GPS is set up in the cars, the position of the vehicle is provided based on satellite information and this can constantly update the location. The GPS receiver receives the information from the satellite signal. All the messages sent between vehicle and central control are using mobile network and this can be captured by the central control. Transmitter power is only 50 watts or less. 12. cost per day There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS. The average cost for using GPS per vehicle for a day is about $1.50. All vehicles can reduce at least 25 miles per week using GPS tracking system. Thus we can reduce $37.50 for a week and $1950 for annual. 13. additional services that system provided GPS vehicle tracking system can provide a range of features meaning you can find the ideal system for any situation. In coming days, GPS will be process more readily available not only as a tracking chip, but also as functional software in the cell phone or handheld. However, as the process become efficient, users will be able to access maps and other useful information directly through their phones and handhelds. When taxi drivers are driving to the customers, GPS will be at their side to advise them as to the most direct or fastest route. 14. Limitations of the system GPS can operate in any weather conditions and everywhere, also time is not limited. The signals travel by line of sight, meaning they will pass through clouds, glass and plastic but will not go through most solid objects such as buildings and mountains. Thus GPS cant do indoor tracking. When you need outdoor tracking, GPS will need to combine with RFID. GPS cant work underground, underwater and indoors. Noise, clouds and other atmospheric phenomena can affect the accuracy of GPS between 1 to 10 meters and up to 30 meters. To overcome interferences, other technology, AGPS, DGPS, and WAAS, has been developed to aid in determining an accurate location. Recommendation The GPS vehicle tracking system can provide best vehicle tracking with secure data transmission. It also can work in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world and anytime. With GPS tracking system, your company can provide two main services you whish to provide to customers with best services. With the use of GPS, you can also check the customer is arrived to the destination or not and that vehicle is available to hire, from the controller. GPS can give not only route information to driver but also other additional features. GPS can estimate time when the taxi will arrive to the customer and show the exact location of vehicle anytime. If the taxi is late, using GPS can find out the problem of why it is. GPS function doesnt have limited number of vehicle that can use. The extension of vehicle is allowed. Using GPS, we can know the actual location of the vehicle and its actually work. Controller can also easy to inform to driver, the nearest location of customer. GPS is the cost ef fective method with faster and reliable tracking system that you should be used. 2. RFID RFID is the Radio Frequency Identification system that can use for tracking various kinds of things. Radio Frequency Identification is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called tags. In RFID, uses radio waves to capture data from tags. Also use to track vehicles and give high identification accuracy. 9. The tracking method RFID system needs the tag (may be active or passive), reader (antenna or integrator) and software. The RFID reader transmits the information to the tag and the tag accepts this data. The data collected from tags is passing the communication wireless media and give this data to the computer. Thus, you can view the status and location of mobile resources from anywhere over the internet. 10. Accuracy of the tracking method The RFID reader has a read range 5m to 30m according to the reader type and the technology used, active or passive. It can perform accurately in the given distance with fast reading speed. Automotives can be real-time tracked and data of vehicles can be written at long distance. 11. Information delivered by the tracking system With this RFID vehicle tracking system, car information can be automated gathered to enable vehicle management to be more efficient and safe. This can provide accurate data updated in up-to-minute. The system give tracked vehicle location, speed, and heading in real-time 24/7. And show the location and status of objects on maps, lists or indoor plans. 12. How often the information is transmitted from the vehicle to the central control system Transmission method is totally depend on the wave signal type. Transmission of data can be difficult in the places of wireless connections and network. The wave signal is difficult to download in every minute and thus, data is transmitted to the control centre 5 times in an hour. Data sent to servers on a regular basis, or when the object moves or upon request. 13. Method of data transmission from vehicle to centre The tag on the vehicle reflects a small part of this RF energy back to the antenna. The reflected radio waves denote the tags unique identification code and other stored data. To become perfect tracking system, RFID a completely wireless system using WiFi or Ethernet TCP/IP or a combination of the two to send positional data back to the central system with the lowest implementation costs. The antenna relays the signal to the reader, which can add information and stores it in a buffer. The reader can transmit the tags identification code to the customers information management system. And the entire process takes only milliseconds. 14. Cost per vehicle par day of using the system RFID equipment, reader cost about $450 for the whole system according to the use of device. Price of passive tag cost 10 cents and $1 and the active cost more than $20. RFID cost about $6 par day per vehicle. The daily cost is expensive and less effective. Thus, RFID is more expensive and also less functions than GPS. To track the vehicle too far from the country or within the country, we need many work stations. 15. Additional services that the system provided And most of RFID tags can customized to match user requirement function like prevent with appropriate password security authorized staff. In active system, the tags can support additional features such temperature sensing. An active RFID system is viable where the objects to be tracked are higher value, mission critical, have a consequential impact if not quickly located, or there is an additional security, regulatory or health and safety requirement for such information. 16. Limitations of the system And with a read range of up to 15 feet, RFID tag has a unique ID cater for the secure operation of this RFID vehicle tracking system. The distance that a tag can be read by the reading device is a function of the relative strength of the signals. Signal strength depends on the strength of the energy field, the efficiency of the tags to change the energy wave into the RF wave, conditions that can block or interfere with the energy waves (i.e., metal, water) and the sensitivity of the antennas attached to the tag and the reading device. Automatic Vehicle Tacking Unit (AVT) 1. The tracking method The Automatic Vehicle Tracking System (AVTS) consists of Vehicle Tracking Units (VTU) mounted on vehicles, Fleet Management System (FMS) at Network Center and a communication network between VTU and the Network Center. The VTU has inbuilt GPS card and necessary firmware for automatic operation. The VTU retrieves the position information of the vehicle at predefined regular intervals and forwards it to the NMS at network center through the communication network. The position data is automatically saved to a database server at network center. The user can view position of vehicles on a map in real-time or in playback modes. 2. Accuracy of the tracking method By using the latest GPS andGSM technology to protect and monitor your vehicle, virtually anywhere and then locate it to within a few meters. The tracking centre operator monitors your vehicle 24 hours. The network of ATU has ample capability to handle over million of vehicles at a time and ensure the safety of data even in NON-GSM areas for several months. Data accuracy is about 25-30 feet or better. 3. The information delivered by the tracking system The tracking system transmits detailed tabular trip report with date, time, route, location, speed, etc. Can also watch your vehicle moving in real-time on the map, route being traversed, distance covered and at what speed. PC in the vehicle can capture travel data such as direction, speed, duration of stops, and addresses along the route. 4. How often transmitted vehicle to central control Data updating to central control is at intervals ranging from 1 second to 1 hour. Our optimum setting is 10 seconds updates. The data recorder can store over 2,400 hours (100-days) of recorded data. 5. Method of transmission form vehicle to centre The communication network provides the connectivity between the VTU and the Network Center. Typically the VTU is provided with communication hardware based on GSM Technology. It also offer solutions based on Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) as well as MSS+GSM based hybrid solution. 6. Cost per vehicle par day This system can be purchased for 6 months at $30.00 or 12 months at $60.00. Sign up for 12 months of this service for just $5 a month. Tracking hardware is about $200. 7. Additional services The tracking centre operator monitors your vehicle 24 hours per day for unauthorised intrusion, theft, accident, breakdown, panic/assistance, vehicle movement or breach of a predefined Geo -fence boundary. The operator can then perform numerous tasks including; engine immobilisation, unlock doors, advise the police or dispatch security response. Command and control, speed limit, way-points and stoppages, etc can be available and some features like Geofencing Location Tracking, Speed Tracking, SMS alerts, Route Mapping, Way Points Management, vehicle snapshot, route replay can access. You can gather travel details for every city, every turn, and every stop can also display according to the recorder. 8. Limitations of the system The vehicle tracking device VTU is the total security protection and fleet management solution. The device incorporates a covertly installed module (which works and communicates independently) but has the ability to run in conjunction with your local GSM network (DTMF, voice message, SMS, GPRS or GSM modem call). Two way voice communication There is several voice communication methods to communicate, using various types of signals such as radio frequencies, satellite signals. Among them, the most reasonable methods I want to advise you is General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Public Access Mobile Radio (PAMR) and Private Mobile Radio (PMR). General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) 5. How the method works Among wireless data services General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is the most popular one. This provides users with packet data services using the GSM digital radio network. GPRS is hand over communication when GPRS connection travels from one base station to another. The GPRS service joins together multiple speech channels to provide higher bandwidth data connections for GPRS data users. GPRS service is dialed in a similar manner to a standard data call at which point the user is attached and an IP address is allocated and data can flow to and from the Internet until the network unattached. GPRS only uses the medium during times that data is being sent or received. Users have dedicated connections during their entire call (Half duplex). GPRS mobile station registers with the network and connected to voice networks by the mobile switching center, GPRS packets are sent from the base station to what is called a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN). 6. legal requirement for operation system The GSM association undertakes to give to the company (a) Non-exclusive, royalty free license to use or deal with the [ x number of copies ] of the GPRS management agreement [numbered x to z] in accordance with the conditions prescribed in this agreement (c) registered copies of the detailed specification of the confidentiality algorithm for protection of the information exchanged over the radio channels of a GSM GPRS system License duration is five years and user is unauthorized to keep copies or photocopies of license agreement. The organization should be the one that manufacture equipment of GSM GPRS standards for use by public telecommunications and these has been tested. The company must be a member of the GSM Association. 7. cost of setting up operating system The cost of GPRS recorder for 1 Unit is about $399 and the license fee is $37.99 per month. In GPRS, users will only pay for the amount of data they actually communicate. The cost of GPRS is $0.01160 per Kb (billed per 20Kb) for unencrypted data and encrypted data cost $0.0058 per kilobyte with no minimum session charge. Users can prepay at $1.20 / $1 per five minutes, $20 per month. A license is valid for five years and renewable. Administrative fee costs 1000 EURO. (1 EURO=1.48$) 8. limitations of each method(interference, range) Each voice circuit in GSM transmits the speech on a secure 14kbps digital radio link between the mobile phone and a nearby GSM transceiver station. Each 14kbps channel may be shared by multiple connected GPRS users (many users will be connected to the network but transmitting very little data). A GPRS user may theoretically use all voice channels on one transceiver (8 * 14 kbps) but radios to support this are not available and the operators will probably reserve at least some channels for voice circuits. As a users data requirements grow, they will use more of the available capacity within that timeslot, and then more available timeslots up to the maximum available or the maximum supported by their device. The connection to the GPRS network is always on, but the device needs to connect to the data terminal. The connection times are of course much lower than dial up. GPRS connection to be ready to use in 7 seconds, while a dial up requires around 35 seconds becoming ready. Public Transmission Mobile Radio a) How each method works? Public Access Mobile Radio (PAMR) is the method of two way radio communications and services are provided from a transmitter at a single site called common base station. To become the network that use in the regional, many transmitters are needed to link. Signals go 45 m from the station. PAMR network use channels every available channels from numbers of linked. No need to wait channel make less taking time and efficiency was improved. But PAMR is lack of privacy because all customers are share services with group use. It also dont have license to apply to assign the channels that will be used. But can add function like short interconnection to PSTN. b) Details of legal requirements for operating the system in your country There are no legal requirements for operating system. c) Costs of setting up and operating the systems This will only cost the equipment cost. Because this is not the secure communication, you will need to consider problems like eavesdropping and men-in-the-middle. d) Limitations of each method The highest point of any PAMR antenna must no be more than 60 feet above the ground or 20 feet above the highest point of the structure on which it is mounted. The channels authorized to PAMR systems are available on a shared basis only and will not be assigned for the exclusive use of any entity. Those using PAMR transmitters must cooperate in the selection and use of channels in order to reduce interference and make the most effective use of authorized facilities. Private Mobile Radio (PMR) a) how each method works Private Mobile Radio (PMR) or as it is sometimes called Professional Mobile Radio is widely used for businesses as a very convenient way of communicating. It typically refers to sophisticated radio trucking services that provide two-way mobile radio communications for mobile users to connect to PMR voice telephony and data networks.This method is used the half-duplex system. A half-duplex system provides for communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously). Typically, once a party begins receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting, before replying. In automatically-run communications systems, such as two-way data-links, the time allocations for communications in a half-duplex system can be firmly controlled by the hardware. Thus, there is no waste of the channel for switching.The power of the radio is one of the main factors in determining range. Height is another important factor, as the higher the antenna, the further the radio waves can travel. Mobile Marine Systems provide a comprehensive range of professional private mobile radio (pmr) and radio systems integration services for adding value to your portable communication needs. b) Details of legal requirements for operating the system in your country Radio communication, such as PMR, is frequently used to provide the necessary communication between all the members of the scheme. All such systems using PMR must be licensed and associated legislation. Licenses are allocated for operation on a particular channel or channels. The base station may be run by an operating company who will hire out channels to individual users. PMR licenses can only be issued to a legal entity; namely an individual, partnership, limited company or incorporated association. A license cannot be issued in the name of a body which does not have legal status, e.g. a group formed merely to provide funding for the purchase and running of a Watch scheme. It is common practice for a license to be held by an individual member of the group, however it should be noted that in such cases the license belongs to that individual, who is responsible for compliance with the terms of the license. Should they cease to be a member of the group, a new license will need to be applied for. It is recommended that applicants do not purchase any equipment until a licence schedule has been issued, detailing the frequency and facilities the Agency is prepared to licence. c) costs of setting up and operating the systems 1. A fee of $750 shall be payable for every fixed or base station on the issue or renewal of the licence. 2. A fee of $270 shall be payable for every mobile station on the issue or renewal of the licence. 3. If, during the period of 12 months following the grant or renewal of the licence, (a) new fixed or base stations are added to the licence, there shall be payable at the time of addition of every such station a further fee of $62.5 for each whole month of the remaining term of the licence; (b) new mobile stations are added to the licence, there shall be payable at the time of addition of every such station a further fee of $22.5 for each whole month of the remaining term of the licence. d) limitations of each method CTCSS is the most common protection available and is a widespread technology inbuilt into the radio but may not have been activated. If believe you have interference, you should check with your radio supplier that you have CTCSS or a similar system activated on your radios before you contact ComReg. These two types of interference have very similar symptoms within an affected radio system. The most common symptom is reduced range, there are many other common faults that a system can develop that will also result in reduced range. There are many other causes of interference to a PMR system, most of which are generally as a result of improper installation or dated equipment. It is important that you keep your equipment well maintained and serviced regularly. Old equipment should be replaced as some pieces of older equipment operate outside of the specifications laid down in the license conditions. Recommendation GPRS refers to a high-speed packet data technology with always-on connectivity. It can be highly cost effective to use the Internet instead of making long distance phone calls, and in the case of international connections, much more reliable. Although using only GPRS is not secure perfectly, you can add many features to protect your data. The cost is also most reasonable among all methods. GPRS recorders are not expensive as 3G does. License fee is also reasonable and the payment is varying with the use of our company. To set up GPRS in your vehicle and control centre is so easy. GPRS method is not complex to use and all the controllers can handle perfectly with in touch method. It can provide the most suitable features that need for your company. GPRS is the most popular method among all of the voice communication methods in nowadays. What is vehicle tracking system? Vehicle tracking system is to track the vehicles location and its kind of electronic device and need to install in the vehicle. There are many kind of vehicle tracking system like the links and nodes, etc. According to the topology used nodes distances, speed, interconnections for physical are different. The standard topologies of networking are bus ring star tree mesh Hybrid Bus Topology All nodes are connected to the common cable called backbone or trunk in Bus topology. The data are carried by the node to node and only two endpoint (use terminator) connected to the backbone. Distributed bus is has more than one node and formed as branches. When the backbone is damage the network is not usable. Ring Topology In Ring topology the node is connected to two other nodes at the end. Thus, the shape of nodes is formed as ring. Dual-ring is also ring topology formed the double ring and data can flow in opposite directions around two rings. Star Topology Star network topology has one central node connected with many nodes. All data is transmitted to this central node retransmits the data to other nodes. Thus it does not have central connection point. Extended star has repeaters between the hub and nodes. Distributed star is physical star topology connected together in a linear fashion. Tree topology Tree topology is that multiple star topologies together onto a bus and the simplest form is hub connected directly to the tree bus and each hub functions as the root of a tree. This topology is the expedition of network. Each node has fixed number connected to lower level like Hierarchy and have at least 3 levels. Mash topology Mesh topologies has two cable paths but the data travel in one direction. This topology is mostly use in WAN network. Each node is connected to other nodes in the network and transmits data from one node to another. Full mesh is costly and complex for practical networks. Partial mash is not complex and expensive as full mash. Hybrid topology The hybrid is used to create the complex networks when networks are connected more than one which based on the same physical topology. 2.Types of media The common types of network media use in networking are twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables, and wireless media. Actually, network media is used to travel radio signals or electronic signals from one place to another to form a network. But it can not work until you match this with appropriate topology. Coaxial cable Coaxial cable consists of the hollow outer conductor and this is surrounded by the single inner wire made up of two conducting elements where located in the center is the copper cable. Coaxial cable need less distance of cable than twisted-pair cable. Ethernet backbone called Thicknet use higher transmission. Thinnet is weak shield connection. Twist-pair cable Twisted-pair, use in Ethernet network, wires are twisted to protect crosstalk. This type is self-protected and canceling technique is used in this cable. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) The UTP cable is used in various networks and it include eight individual copper wires, twisted each other. UTP is use for LAN and Ethernets. This can provide the best speed in copper based wires in nowadays. Cable length is short although the transmitting is not fast. Shielded twisted pair (UTP) STP main function is reducing electrical noise of cable, shielding and cancellation by twisting wires. Although the cable is short, it is moderately expensive. But UTP is less expensive than STP. Fiber optic cable Fiber optic cable transmits information by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. Fiber optic network can transmit data with high speeds and have a large carrying capacity with great resistance and signals can go further without needing to refresh, lower attenuation and interference. It expensive to install and operate can connect short distance and low bandwidth applications. Wireless communication Wireless communication transmits data using the radio frequencies (RF). The main key controller is the wireless hub called access point. The PC or laptop must have wireless adapter card to receive distribute signal. The signals are electromagnetic waves and can travel through the vacuum of outer space and air. No other physical media is need for wireless signals to create a network. Wireless signals use portions of RF spectrum to transmit voice, video, and data. 2. Recommendation I recommend the star topology with unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable. Star topology has high force tolerance. If a node is fail, the other nodes can be work until the server is available. It can extend easily. The extendibility of this topology provides the big help in extending new taxi for the company. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is one of the widely use and widely available media. Because of small size, the installation is easy. UTP cable is easy to install and is less expensive than other types of networking media. UTP costs less per meter than any other type of LAN cabling. Inexpensive and can get suitable services is also the good advantages for the company. To create the in-house network (LAN) for taxi company, the star topology with UTP media is the best match and the most suitable. I. Security issues relating to transmission of vehicle location data For vehicle tracking system, I recommended the GPS vehicle tracking method. When we need the secure data transmission, we need to prevent the network that we will use. First of all, there are three main requirements to become a secure network. They are the privacy, integrity and availability. The privacy issue is means the un-authorized users are gaining access to the network. There are many problems that we should consider when we consider the network security for transmission of vehicle location data. They are eavesdropping, Man-in-the-Middle. They are the most effective problems for security of vehicle location data transmission. Eavesdropping is the main problem of radio-oriented networks. This is the manner of snooping of information carried by the network. This may be borrowing a terminal whilst the user is away or tapping into the cables that carry the signals. In wireless network, radio frequency can be easily intercepted outside the premises. Thus any unauthorized mobile dev ice can be act as the receiver. Eavesdropping can enable from nearby premises. The hacker may remain undetected as there is no need to physically enter or connect to the premises. Most of the GPS vehicles tracking system use Private Network in the case of transmission data. This is the making of another passageway to transmit data on the Internet as private network. Using private network, we can use encryption and encapsulation technologies. Because of this function, the possibility of problems is already reduced and can provide secure data transmission of vehicle data. II. Voice communication transmission For two way voice communication, I recommended the GPRS. Man-in-the-Middle is also important for security of the network when transmit data. In this case, the third party intercepts a two way conversation. Third party pretends to each party that he is the other party. Eavesdropping and the modification of messages can occur before they received. If you need some secure information transmission, you should use the security protection like verbal instructions, queries can be used. Protection like adding software or system to protect the voice transmission security is need. The controllers respectively should use the password protection to use the central control. But this Internet-based technique does raise an issue of privacy from hackers without using private network. Thus security issues arise when data needs to leave the GPRS network to be delivered to either the Internet or a company LAN. Internet connectivity needs to pay security charge by encrypting. Security features combine with GPRS, your company will get the best vehicle tracking system with 100% security.