Media, Identity and the Popular Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Media, Identity and the Popular - Essay Example Given the force, degree, and effort of well known media †including movies and TV, the social development of characters having a place with racial and ethnic minorities will undoubtedly significantly affect the more extensive crowd (Downing and Husband, 2005). Signorielli (2001) depicted TV as the nation’s essential narrator (p. 36) occupied with the job of consistently 'taking care of' its crowd with solid dosages of what can be understood as 'standard' sees (Gerbner et al., 2002). The portrayal of racial and ethnic minorities in movies and TV, henceforth, is a basic subject of examination and should be investigated in light of the fact that the sheer degree of media outreach and the quantity of impassioned watchers these types of famous media pull in nearly guarantee a more noteworthy social effect over some stretch of time (Mastro and Greenberg, 2000). This paper intends to feature, investigate, and dissect the way wherein these well known modes of correspondence especi ally movies and TV depict racially and ethnically assorted characters; the slow move in such depictions after some time; trailed by the impact and effect of the equivalent bolstered by hypothetical ramifications of such portrayal. The models talked about as a piece of the investigation incorporate famous movies and network shows from the UK, U.S., and Canada. Media portrayal of racial/ethnic minorities: An Overview Hall (1981) expressed that media as a key instrument of proliferating philosophies frequently utilizes the stage to create portrayals of the socio-social condition around us by method of pictures and characters. These characters thusly highlight the comprehension of its crowd as to the way where the world around is and impact them to decipher the messages coded in that concerning the individuals from the racial and ethnic minorities. The industrious depiction of such pictures leads such characters and/or pictures to become naturalized empowering the watchers to comprehend these pictures and characters in the manner they are depicted (p. 11). Social scholars concentrated on exploring social and racial portrayals in famous media have distinguished the depiction of 'whiteness' as the predominant topic and as a vital talk. The pictures and characters related with the prevailing white populace are regularly demonstrative of their special status in the two movies just as on prime time TV programs and/or dramas. It is likewise frequently contended that 'whiteness' is regularly the most prevailing and all-encompassing standard against which every single other race are estimated and thought about (Ott, 2010: p. 139). African-Americans have reliably been under-spoken to when contrasted with their white partners in movies and TV programs in the United States (Wilson, 1996; Dixon and Rosenbaum, 2004). In spite of the fact that there has been an honorable and sensational change in pattern with respect to depiction of racial and ethnic minorities on network shows and movies throughout the years, the blacks keep on being either under-spoke to or depicted in characters/jobs that will in general propagate and even increment generalizing (Dill, 2013: p. 253). The greater part of the well known network shows publicized during the earlier decade regularly included Caucasians as key heroes with supporting

Contemporary Art Form Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contemporary Art Form - Research Paper Example The paper Contemporary Art Form Paper finds the Contemporary Art. There is overpowering accord among the all inclusive communities of the world that the American attack of Iraq in 2003 and its proceeded with control of the nation under critical common strife, is both ridiculous and shameless. This is affirmed by the gigantic open showings (in the United States and the remainder of the world) that was seen when war plans were declared in mid 2003. The infringement felt by the overall population is with the end goal that the fights proceeds right up 'til the present time, which is generally noticeable in the blogosphere and elective media analysis. In this background, some imaginative craftsmen in the United States and somewhere else have attempted to utilize different artistic expressions to enroll their dissent. The as of late introduced play by Karen Malpede, titled Prophecy brings the crowd into the core of the Iraq war. It investigates the mind boggling web of connections between different segments of common society when an area is militarily mediated. Featuring such robust entertainers as Kathleen Chalfant, Andre de Shields and George Bartenieff, the play draws out the extensive result of any war and underscores the tumult and interruption that goes to it. If not straightforwardly being educational about wars of numerous kinds, the play unobtrusively infers the purposelessness of war. Undoubtedly, the counter war message from the theater network has been so thunderous in the most recent decade that a topical collection was distributed as of late. â€Å"Acts of War: Iraq and Afghanistan in Seven Plays†,

2008 Summer (Pics!)

2008 Summer (Pics!) Since I discovered that under my new schedule, I practically have NO classes on Thursday I started writing this entry. =p Summer 2008 was a fruitful one for me. To recap: Late May - Early July: Back in Taiwan, relaxing after a year of MIT. Took a short family vacation to Nagoya, Japan. Went on a volunteer health trip with a medical group (think Doctors Without Borders the Taiwanese version) into the Aborigines villages in Taiwan. Early July - Early August: Back in MIT, working on a UROP dealing with the genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans, a microscopic nematode. Took weekend trips to NYC, Montreal. Saw my first Fourth of July fireworks LIVE. Early August - Late August: Spent 16 days in Central America, traveling from Panama to Nicaragua to Honduras with the same medical group from Taiwan. The medical group is essentially a medical brigade that contained doctors, pharmacists, laboratory technicians (who could chemically analyze blood for components/diseases), and us (volunteers). My primary function was with registration (weight, blood pressure, temperature) and translating for doctors (yay Spanish!) These blog entries may help to explain a bit more. July Fourth My Summer, In Words Whee! Photos! These were generally what the villages that we worked in Taiwan looked like. Most of these were so far into the mountain that there was no cell phone reception, and electricity was only intermittent at night. Saw the Fourth of July fireworks LIVE at Bostons Hatch Shell Went to Montreal for a weekend to visit friends at McGill University. (note: Montreal is a really beautiful city and a great place to get away from Boston if you would like to go on a long weekend trip. Its only one hour by plane from Boston (granted, the plane tickets kind of expensive) and around eight hours by bus. Its such a relaxing city that contrasts so much with Boston! (random fact: did you know that Boston had the fastest pace of life in the United States? Even beating out New York City!)) This is what actual C. elegans look like under the microscope, in case youre curious. Then I went to Central America, and within the brigade, we had dentists A functional lab that could do blood, urine, and feces analysis. Some of the items we would test for include blood sugar, cholesterol, liver function, HIV, syphilis, pregnancy, hemoglobin, C-protein, full blood countetc. Each patients results is generally prepared within 30 minutes (were more efficient than hospitals!). A pharmacy that distributed medicine. General types of medicine that were handed out include painkillers, fever reducers, antacids, worm pills, and vitamins although there were probably around 70 different types of medicine. (yes, all the laboratory equipment, the medicine, the dental equipmentetc. were shipped from Taiwan as checked luggage on the airplane. As a result, each member of the brigade could only bring one duffel bags worth of personal items (clothes, toiletriesetc.) for the 16-day trip because it had to be carry-on. We brought a grand total of over 1000 kilograms of medical supplies/equipment to Central America.) This was really cool. When we arrived in Nicaragua, the Nicaraguan President, Daniel Ortega, had an audience with us. The hour-long meeting was held in the Presidential Office (in reality his house) and was broadcasted live on their national television. Afterwards, President Ortega surprised us by shaking hands with every single one of us! Yes, I got to shake hands with a President!! (note: Later, when we finished our work in Honduras, we also got to shake hands with the First Lady of Honduras.) The kids that came out after our clinic in rural Nicaragua. Since I dont want to flood the entry with pictures, there are actually some more photos here. To summarize, I enjoyed this summer a lot. I got to go back home and visit my family for a month (I even attended the 2008 graduation of my high school!), which provided a very welcoming rest. I was exposed to a deeper level of my UROP that I was working on during the school year in July, and I had the opportunity to travel to Central America and dedicate my time in providing service for the people there. An added bonus is that my UROP and Junction (AP World History class) pay covered my Central America trip plus my weekend trips! A few entries ago, someone asked, How do you get exposed to all of these opportunities? I think the simple answer is just this In college, you have an amazing opportunity to try a lot of new things, and I believe that as long as you look hard enough, you would always find cool things to do. Of course, your idea of whats fun might not entail going to different places or even doing work during the summer, but theres definitely something out there for everyone. Opportunities may not come looking for you, but theyre there you just have to reach out and grasp them. (this also goes for high school!) Random fact: I had lizard meat for the first time this summer! To be honest, it tastes like chicken (just like frogs, rats, and everything else thats exotic) =p

Beach Selected Glenelg Beach - 1341 Words

Beach selected: Glenelg beach History: According to Glenelg SA (2015), Glenelg beach is only 12km from the centre of Adelaide, Glenelg is a pleasing entertaining beach resort set amongst the sandy shores of the bay of Holdfast. In 1836, Glenelg was the site of South Australia’s original mainland settlement. Processes that affect Glenelg Beach: There are multiple factors that affect Glenelg beach and other Adelaide beaches. The drift of sand that is going north is created by the winds and waves. Although, sand can move in different wind conditions. This sand movement is also known as a littoral drift. Big quantities of sand is eroded due to the cause of considerable damage to beach, dune and nearshore areas because of a coastal storm. Therefore, Glenelg beach cannot be considered stable just like other Adelaide beaches. Before the settlement of the Europeans, Glenelg beach had been withheld by costal dune erosion. Although due to the subsequent development occurring on the top of the dunes, a replenishment process has to be carried out artificially. Big quantities of sand have either been put away and not used or removed from Glenelg beach due to development on the coast. Multiple Adelaide coasts have been built upon an extensive system of dunes on the coast or, alternatively, due to the need of providing land for housing and Adelaide airport, dunes were used to infill backswamps of the coast. Along the Lefevre Penisula, land was reclaimed to create the suburb of NorthShow MoreRelatedMarket Research Report - Pepsi2632 Words   |  11 Pagessupposition that tentatively explains certain factors or phenomena. The hypothesis for this survey is; generation Y has an equal brand loyalty to Pepsi as it does, Coca-Cola. Marketing Research Problems The participants in the survey were selected on the basis of personal judgment due to convenience. It was decided to conduct the survey in person; as opposed to sending them out online to eliminate respondent error. The next decision determined that our survey would be conducted in South Australia

Book Review of Missionary Methods - 1056 Words

Allen, Roland. Missionary Methods: St. Paul’s or Ours? Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1962. 179 pp. Introduction to the Book The book being discussed is Roland Allen’s Missionary Methods: St. Paul’s or Ours? Allen was an Anglican minister who worked as a missionary in China between the years of 1895 and 1903 and eventually moved his work to Easy Africa. His experience on the foreign mission field developed a keen sense of the Holy Spirit’s place in the ministry of the missionary and his book reflects a desire to awaken others to the same understanding of the Spirit. Summary of the Book The overall purpose of the Roland Allen’s book is to convey the dramatic differences between the methods of modern day missionary organizations†¦show more content†¦Christians of a denomination separate from such formalities need to provide no answer of such realities in their foreign ministry. Another example of Allen’s Anglican bias can be recognized in his emphasis on the importance of regular practicing of the sacraments of the Anglican Church. He noted that one of the possible problems with practicing a ministry marked by resignation was that â€Å"the Christians would be deprived of the sacraments.† To any believer outside the Church of England, such sacramental deprivation would not be an issue. Other than these two insignificant examples, however, the overall relevancy of Allen’s message remains unaffected and is still worth studying. When considering the strengths and weaknesses of the book, the strengths dramatically outweigh the sh ortcomings. Allen succeeded in showing the reader that there is no excuse to discount the ministry of Paul as irrelevant in today’s missionary setting. He powerfully implemented scripture throughout the book with precision. Every verse, story, and biblical example of Paul’s practices and teachings that Allen used were necessary and served to back up his claims with ultimate truth. Also, the open addressing of his opponent’s arguments served to strengthen Allen’s thesis in a way that a simple stating of facts would be incapable ofShow MoreRelatedThe Politics Of Buddhist Revival996 Words   |  4 Pagesto spread his message (Cox, 2010, p. 177). According to the article, Dhammaloka was extremely active as a newspaper communicator and relied on the newspaper to distribute his teaching on Buddhism (Cox, 2010, p. 179). He felt that the paper was a method that he could use to receive publicity and defend himself in his teaching against various critique tha t did not agree with his teachings on Buddhism (Cox, 2010, p. 179). Dhammaloka ten year publishing career aided him in becoming well recognized inRead MoreSales Management1233 Words   |  5 PagesBus 297 – Quiz # 1 Review In preparation for the upcoming quiz, focus your review on the following topics in the textbook. This is a closed book and note quiz. The quiz will be taking on Canvas, be sure you have installed browser lockdown. This is a timed quiz with 45 minutes to complete. Chapter 2: * Types of sales jobs * Salespeople who focus on gaining new customers called hunters or pioneers. * Order-takers this category of salespeople try to increase sales as they buildRead MoreThe Christian Church At Its Foundation913 Words   |  4 Pagestrue to its calling. In the New Testament, Christ gave the disciples a charge to heal the sick. The book of Acts and the writings of the apostles show that healing was core to their beliefs. However, in the course of time, theological, doctrinal, and cultural differences have caused major changes in the viewpoint of healing in the church. Abigail Rian Evans’ purpose is not to give an exhaustive review of church history, but to give some key points. Evans divides the church’s healing ministry into fourRead MoreBook Review: Why Dont We Listen Better1159 Words   |  5 Pagesbook review: Why don’t we listen better Presented to Dr. Mario Garcia In partial fulfillment of the requirements of Introduction to Pastoral Counseling PACO 500 Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary Lynchburg, VA Feburary 3, 2013 PRACTICAL BOOK REVIEW: PETERSEN My Summation: James Petersen’s book Why Don’t We Listen Better, is a true guide in making relationships better with better communication. This book does not just help people communicate better in a work environmentRead MoreBook Review on Transforming Mission4544 Words   |  19 PagesTRANSFORMING MISSION BOOK REVIEW (Paradigm Shifts in the Theology of Mission) (Author: David J. Bosch) This paper intends to analyze the writings of David J. Bosch in his book entitled â€Å"TRANSFORMING MISSION Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission:† This book review shall be presented in four (4) parts. First, is an introduction and a statement of the author’s intention for writing the book; secondly, a summary shall be presented about the major insights presented in this book. Thirdly, I shallRead MoreSummary Of The King Jesus Gospel1131 Words   |  5 Pages LIBERTY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF DIVINITY Book Review: The King Jesus Gospel Submitted to Dr. John Puig In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of GLST 220 Intercultural Communication and Engagement by Blaque Tucker November 28, 2017 Book Review: The King Jesus Gospel Summary Scot McKnight claims that the gospel is an ordained story of the triune God reinstating humanity into the image of God. The book is based on four argumentative pillars, first being that 1 CorinthiansRead MoreNazi Propaganda And The World War I1360 Words   |  6 PagesWestminster. His other publication is for example The attack on the Altmark: a case study in wartime propaganda. Introduction I chose this book for my book review as I have been always interested in the second world war. I graduated from history and studied everything about Czech Republic in the Second world war on my secondary school. From this reason I chose book Nazi Wireless Propaganda, because I wanted to know something new which I can connect with Journalism and history in term of Nazi machineryRead MoreThe Cambodian Genocide Essay971 Words   |  4 Pagesdoctors, lawyers, and their families. Also, religious leaders like monks, and Christian missionaries would be killed. These victims would be persecuted, because they went against the ideals of communism, like the professionals and intellectuals being educated, the monks and missionaries being religious, and minorities going against Pol Pot’s idea of a â€Å"pure† Cambodian society. The genocide’s process and method of killing was through prisons and killing fields. The urban city dweller population wasRead MoreDreams And Visions : Is Jesus Awakening The Muslim World?1675 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Prophet Muhammad. When Ibrahim decided to share his dream with a Christian missionary in his town, he was overjoyed to find that the man who had come to him in his dream was not the Prophet Muhammad, but the same man found and described in Revelation 1:12-16. Before the encounter with the Christian missionary, Ibrahim had never heard of, much less read from the Bible. The discussion of his dream with the missionary ultimately led to a proclamation of the Gospel, in which Ibrahim would hear theRead MoreSacred Hoops1560 Words   |  7 PagesPhil Jackson coached the Chicago Bulls basketball team to one of the longest winning streaks in professional sports. In his book, Sacred Hoops, he describes his approach to coaching a group of acknowledged stars. He clearly un derstands that simply collecting a set of outstanding players does not a championship team make. One way of understanding his approach is to think of every problem or project having components in four different spheres: 1. Mental, logical, scientific, technical 2. Systems

Success of a Paint Company Berger Paints Free Essays

In 1971 Berger Paints Bangladesh Limited has started its journey in Bangladesh. The shareholders were Jenson Nicholson (J N), Duncan Macneil Co. Limited and Dada Group. We will write a custom essay sample on Success of a Paint Company: Berger Paints or any similar topic only for you Order Now Duncan Macneil subsequently sold their shares to the majority shareholder J N Group. The Dada Group’s share ultimately vested with the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh after the independence of the country in 1971. The name of the company was changed from J N (Bangladesh) Limited to Berger Paints Bangladesh Limited on January 1, 1980. Berger Paints Bangladesh Limited (BPBL) is stated to be the market leader in Bangladesh and has a wide range of products such as Decorative Paints, Industrial Paints, Marine Paints, Color Bank, Textured Coatings, Heat Resistant Paints, Roofing Compounds, Wood Solutions, and Wood Adhesives. It gives a comprehensive and sustainable painting solution and providing the best customer service through Home Decor. BPBL’s corporate strategy is to build larger market share through providing quality and speedy service. It’s primary focus is to strengthen its current position by providing value added customer service. BPBL is committed to get highest consumer satisfaction. The main objective of this report is to gain overall practical knowledge about the internal communication techniques of Berger Paint Bangladesh Ltd. and corporate success evaluation and also recommend on the basis of business communication. Aim and Rational of the project: The objective of this project is to gain overall practical knowledge about the organization and analyze the communication techniques developed by the company. To be more specific, this project contains the following subjects: †¢Historical background of Berger Paint Bangladesh Ltd.  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Organizational structure †¢BPBL’s internal communication structure †¢Tools used in the existing communication system †¢Positive aspects of the system being used and recommendations for improvement Significance of the Study: The significance of the study can be explained in many ways. From this project we will learn about the business communication practices followed by Berger Paint Bangladesh Ltd, the market leader in paint industry of Bangladesh. It will help us to enhance our knowledge about the relationship between different departments, how they communicate with each other and organizational environment. Methodology: The report will be based on both primary and secondary data. †¢Primary Data: It is obvious that the research will require a lot of primary data. Face-to-face interviews will be conducted with the manager of the BPBL. We have planed to supply them questionnaire to be filled out as well as read them out whenever needed and explain if any clarification is required. †¢Secondary Data: For secondary resources, we will use the web site of BPBL, product profile, and relevant journals by Berger Paint Bangladesh Ltd. For the organization part of the report, a lot of secondary resources will also be used. †¢Data Collection Method: We have decided to conduct personal interviews as data collection method. The questionnaire will be structured and includes both open and close-ended questions. †¢Questionnaire: For the survey purpose, we will prepare questionnaire which meet the objective of the project. It will include different issues and important factors regarding internal communication techniques. For the questionnaire we will use simple, direct and familiar words, so that the respondents understand it easily. †¢Data collection: We will conduct Face-to-face interviews with the manager of BPBL to collect the data. We will also collect the necessary data from company website, magazine etc. †¢Report Format: The report will contain mainly two parts. The organizational part shall give the idea about Berger Paint Bangladesh Ltd.’s historical background and Organizational structure. And the project part shall contain BPBL’s internal communication structure, tools used in the existing communication system, positive aspects of the system being used and recommendations for improvement and conclusion. Limitation of the Study: The collection of primary data is always a difficult thing because it is hard to ensure the authenticity of the data. Managers of the company may hide some information for the confidentiality. Time is also a limitation as we have to interview the manager, analyze the data and prepare project at a very short time. Despite of these limitations we will try our best to collect accurate and useful data through the survey so that we can generate quality results from the data analysis and give recommendation where it is necessary. How to cite Success of a Paint Company: Berger Paints, Essay examples

Information Technology System Developing Book Sellers

Question: Describe about the Information Technology System for Developing Book Sellers. Answer: Background of wordery.com The wordery.com has been founded in the year 2012 and it is an online book retail site. The wordery.com has been founded by Independent Publishers Guild (IPG) organization and it has become the fastest developing book sellers (wordery.com, 2016). They have formed a competitive seller reputation of huge number of books (approximately 10,000,000). The organization operates in over 100 countries. The website provides the book lovers the option to choose from a wide range of book genres. The online services have helped the organization to increase more customers and increase the efficiency of operations. The number of customers of the organization has increased to 5 million with an average of 25000 orders on a daily basis. Services Delivery features of wordery.com The wordery.com offers the following services to its customers: An alternative online book shop to their retail shops Latest books of all renowned authors and writers at reasonable price Free delivery around the globe Great service to the customers with 24X7 access Express delivery (1 or 2 working days) costing 1.85 pounds per order and Tracked Next Day Courier Service (delivering next working day, excluding holidays) costing 3.95 pounds per order (com, 2016) Role of Delivery Technologies and Tools The wondery.com has been providing free delivery services around the globe with the help of Royal Mail. The time consumed for delivering the books is United Kingdom (3-5 working days), USA and Canada (maximum 14 working days), Europe (less than 10 working days), Australia and New Zealand (maximum 10 working days), and Rest of the World (less than 2 weeks). The technologies and tools used for managing the service delivery options for wordery.com are information system, contact centers, CRM and social media (Bhardwaj et al., 2015). These tools and technologies have prominent role for providing the following benefits: Accessibility: The contact centers and web services of wordery.com has helped in providing the benefit of accessing the books and placing orders whenever it is required (Brambilla et al., 2014). The online stores have made shopping easier and comfortable by providing the customers with ease of shopping from anywhere. Even the delivery option of wordery.com is all around the globe by using the Royal Mail Air service. Hence, the customers can order from any place of the world. Communication: The customers can reach the wordery.com at help@wordey.com for any problems, complaint or query regarding their orders or the website. The helpline of wordery.com would also provide the option for establishing communication between the customers and organization. Social media platform would also serve the platform for communication channel (Koile et al., 2013). For example- Facebook has become the most common platform for promoting different products of big companies. Integration: CRM has served the purpose of keeping the information and data about the customers on a systematic database. The information would be helpful while supplying the products to the delivery. The integration of database had helped in easing the process of delivery for wordery.com. References Bhardwaj, A., Kumar, L., Mehta, S., Mehta, A. (2015). Stimuli-sensitive Systems-an emerging delivery system for drugs.Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology,43(5), 299-310. Brambilla, D., Luciani, P., Leroux, J. C. (2014). Breakthrough discoveries in drug delivery technologies: The next 30years.Journal of Controlled Release,190, 9-14. Koile, K., Kimball, N., Pryputniewicz, S. (2013). Evaluating the Benefits of Technology-Enabled Formative Feedback in the Science Classroom. InPaper presented at the 86th NARST Annual International Conference April(Vol. 6, p. 9). wordery.com - your online bookshop - free delivery worldwide (2016).wordery.com. Retrieved 2 December 2016, from https://wordery.com/

The Necessity Of Positive And Normative Economics Essays

The Necessity Of Positive And Normative Economics Keynes once wrote: The object of a positive science is the establishment of uniformities, of a normative science the determination of ideals. (Blaug, 122) This is the dichotomy that economists recognize when approaching their field of study. The social scientist must recognize both positive and normative distinctions, means and ends, as important factors of fruitful research. Secondly, they must clearly express the conditions and assumption which theories holds in order for economics to be useful for society. Positive science is that which is a fact of nature or a fact by definition. In mathematics this is the difference between the knowledge that the angles of a triangle sum to 180 degrees, and the definition of a triangle as a two dimensional polygon with 3 sides. In economics, such facts of knowledge include that money is a store of value, or facts of definition that the UNs Human Development Index ranks Canada above Mexico. These are all positive facts. Whether they rely or are associated with values does not reduce their factualness to a normative realm. One cannot refute positive statements by claiming they are arrived at due to values. It is up to normative science to judge the value of the HDI, a positive fact, and not mistake this action as denying the existence of the HDI. This is probably better stated with a topic from macroeconomics. Suppose that some economists agree that inflation produces the social cost of having to adjust prices to new levels. This is a completely positive statement. As long as every term has been clearly defined, one can understand the relation between inflation (as defined) and cost (as defined). Yes, the definitions have been chosen based on specific values, but this does not disaffirm the statement as a true reflection of reality. Suppose we make a true statement which denies that inflation produces this social cost, by defining inflation or the cost differently. The old positive fact of reality that the first statement asserted has not changed. By changing definitions, we have merely created a new positive statement. A statement is a true positive fact, according to Weston, when it is consistent with definitions and axioms that define the system. We are not necessarily saying anything about what is true outside of that sys tem. (Weston, 4) The values we have based each statement on does not induce them into the sphere of normative science. Neither makes any statement concerning the values of inflation or costs, nor that one statement is preferable over the other. Here lies the duty of the economist: to make a normative decision on which positive statements are most applicable to the needs of society. Do we want to evaluate policy based on inflation definition number one or two? Do we care about social cost one more than social cost two? These are in the scope of normative science. Effectual positive facts are the means in reality to achieve ends. In this manner, economics is not value-free, and for good reason. There must be some utility gained from knowledge for research to be beneficial to mankind. Positive facts are not study for the sake of learning positive facts, but as a possible means to an end. Normative economics are those value statements which guide our use and development of positive science. Positive facts are not limited by our values, but we can use our values to determine which positive statements are of most interest to society. Positive statements are the basis for any science, but do little good for mankind if we do not evaluate and distinguish some statements as more useful than others. Thus positive science is made fruitful through normative values, and reciprocally, normative judgments are based on objective positive science. It is best to demonstrate this with an example from a less controversial science, physics. If a physicist decides that we need to further study thermodynamics in a specific way because of the needs of applications in space, his approach is a normative decision based on the normative desires of some group of people. However, the results which he arrives at will remain true for the conditions and viewpoint specified, despite the value to the space industry, which may

How To Get Along With Your Roommate In College

How To Get Along With Your Roommate In College You’ve started college or university, everything is new and shiny, everything is exciting, you’re going to meet so many new people! Of course, one of those new people is likely to be your new roommate, someone you are going to be sharing a lot of time and space with over the coming year or so. You need to get along with this person, so how can you do it? Well, hopefully you find someone who is like you in terms of personality, someone who shares common interests and can support you in difficult situations. But dont be desperate if not. Here are a few tips on how to get along with your college roommates, as well as a few pointers on how to set house rules in your dorm room. Don’t Expect Miracles Straightaway Rome wasn’t built in a day they say, and it’s true in many cases in life. Everyone is going to be a bit nervous or even a little defensive when they start college or university. Some people take a little longer to settle in than others. If you find your new friends in college are a little shy, then they may come across as defensive or cold, but that’s not to say they are that way in reality, they’re just finding their feet. Give it a little time, and don’t expect everything to be roses straightaway; in a week or two, you’ll be getting along like a house on fire, although not literally, of course! Be a Little Sociable Suggest a night out or a few social activities in the first week of moving in, so you can enjoy relaxing time away from the house and away from college. When dealing with college roommates, you need to find common ground, and being sociable and relaxed is the ideal way to do this. You will probably find that your new friends are wanting to get out and experience the place just as much as you are, but they’re probably waiting for someone else to make the first move. Set a few House Rules Whilst you want it all to be fun and relaxed, it’s important to set a few house rules for college roommates, so you know you’re all on the same page, and you’re not treading on any one’s feet, so to speak. If someone wants to share food cupboards, but someone else wants to have private ones, you need to find common ground and set a rule. You also need to have rules regarding cleaning, so nobody is going to get resentful of doing more than the others. Appreciate That Everyone Needs Space Not everyone wants to talk all the time, and some people may need a little space away from everyone, in order to get their work done, to speak to friends and family at home, and to basically chill out and have a little ‘me’ time. This is perfectly normal, so don’t get offended if your new roomie decides to lock themselves away for an hour or two; appreciate everyone’s need for space and you should get along fine. Sort Out Arguments and Bickers Quickly One of the best pieces of advice when dealing with college roommates is to sort out any problems quickly, and not to let them fester. You’ve been thrown together, when perhaps you wouldn’t have chosen to live together otherwise, so of course, there are going to be differences in opinion or problems that occur from time to time. Sit down and talk about them, and don’t turn the smallest thing into a slanging match – this means you will be able to smooth out any choppy waters, without it turning into World War Three. Getting along with your new roommate is about give and take – you need to recognise differences. Of course, it’s not going to be plain sailing all the time, but the key is to be adult about the situation and see it as the great opportunity to gain a lifelong friend.

Role of Reflection and Reflective Practices in Organisation's Enhanced Essay

Role of Reflection and Reflective Practices in Organisation's Enhanced Performance - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the environment in which the businesses are operating these days has changed drastically from simple and less competitive form to extremely dynamic and ever-changing type. Hence, in order to survive in today’s competitive environment, the managers have to ensure that the way in which business activities are being conducted in the organization gets changed simply from responding to changes, the managers need to focus on developing a learning organization. Everyone in the organization needs to understand that collectively they can bring change in the business operations and by their support to the management they will be able to enhance the productivity of the organization. In order to make a learning organization, it is the responsibility of management and employees of the organization to divert their focus from reflective practitioner at an individual level to reflective form of organization. In the last couple of years, many re searchers have conducted studies on the role of reflection and reflective practices in the organization’s performance; some studies have focused on the theories of such practices while some have studied their implications in various forms of organizations. However, the most extensive works have been done by Vince and Walsh who has focussed on the traditional and modern ways for implications of reflection and reflective practices in all types of organizations that are working in distinctive fields. Hence, it is rightly stated by Walsh that it is crucial for the management and managers of the organisation to equip themselves with the various forms of reflective practices that are happening in the real world and make changes in their organisations so that they are compatible with the latest market trends and the structure supports the format required for organisational learning. The researchers have been unable to give the exact definition of the term ‘Reflection’ a s it is composed of numerous concepts. The primary aim of reflection is to help the thinkers do the critical analysis of the situations or problems that are being encountered in the organizations. The managers are encouraged to identify the problem areas, think about the remedial situations available and then select and implement the strategy along with proper evaluation tools. According to Clift and Houston, cited by Solomon, the reflection definition has its foundations from the Western culture that induces the managers to analyze the situation and come up with the problem-solving approach and avoid negotiation, illumination or deliberation. Walsh in the study indicated that reflection is something that can be learned and for that the managers need to undergo the learning processes so that they can encourage such workplace learning environment within the organization. The view is also supported by Johns who stated that the reflection approach helps the businesses to remain alert a ll the time and instead of just sitting in idle situation, it motivates them to work out the plan.

Family Influences in Child Development Research Paper

Family Influences in Child Development - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that in order for children to develop balanced emotional health, families must be able to provide them with the right balance of discipline and love. Through the right balance of firmness and gentleness in parenting, a child is able to gain a positive attitude and is able to take better control of his life when he reaches adulthood. In my first interaction with my respondent, I noticed that despite his young age, he was pretty confident in answering my questions. In fact, he was more engaged than I expected. He warmed up with me fast enough, I think. He was friendly and confident, and I remembered at least one time when I thought, â€Å"Am I really talking to a 15-year old?† He sounded so much older and it felt that he was much older than he looked. These observations were pretty important to me because it indicated how well this child was developing. I wanted to know the social and interpersonal skills of my respondent before I starte d asking about how he was raised by his family. One thing to note about this respondent is that he was the youngest person in the family, his siblings were years older than him. It is perhaps because of the huge gap in their age that he does not typically get into conflict with his siblings. According to the respondent, his sisters usually give in during the conflict, or they bargain with him instead of arguing. The more mature siblings try to understand the younger brother because, well, he is younger and is immature. How the siblings were disciplined by the parents remain a mystery for my respondent, and I tend to think that this is because the parents have a different way of correcting the older children’s behavior. In the latter part of the interview, my respondent said that his parents never scold him in public, so it is very possible that his siblings are also reprimanded in private.

Animal Rights For Farm Animals Sociology Essay

Animal Rights For Farm Animals Sociology Essay The paucity of legal scholarship and teaching in the area of animals and the law is puzzling, particularly given the general interest in, and intense debate about, the treatment of animals by humans over the last 30 years. The lack of interest in Australia is ironic, as it was the work of the Australian philosopher Peter Singer, in the highly influential book Animal Liberation, which can be said to have reinvigorated much of the modern debate about the status of animals.  [1]  By contrast with the Australian uninterest, countries such as Sweden, the United Kingdom, Finland, Switzerland and the Netherlands have moved to ban the cruel practice of keeping pregnant sows in sow stalls, Australias most recent Model Pig Code provided for a minor increase in stall size and a generous 10 year phase in period for a 6 week limit on the use of sow stalls. Moreover, the deplorable practice of keeping hens in battery cages continues to be legal in all Australian jurisdictions while the EU has banned the use of all battery cages by January 2012. Further to this, the United States legal academy has been actively exploring legal issues relating to animals for a number of years. The Lewis and Clark Law School, in Portland, Oregon, has established the National Center for Animal Law and publishes an annual journal, Animal Law.  [2]  Approximately 40 law schools in the United States offer courses on animals and the law.  [3]  The legal profession in the United States has been no less active. A large number of State Bar Associations have established animal law sections or committees. Activist attorneys established the independent Animal Legal Defense Fund (ALDF) in 1981. The ALDF not only provides free legal advice and assistance to prosecutors in cruelty cases, but also maintains a national database of cruelty cases, and provides support for lawsuits that test the boundaries of animal law.  [4]  Certainly, Australias poor animal welfare standards in comparison are a fundamental flaw of Australian animal protection laws. Nevertheless, even if the State and Territory Governments decide to implement ambitious welfare standards, as the legislation stands, these standards would go substantially unenforced. As such, this essay attempts to explore the current legal system governing our animals and in the process it will bring to light the deficiencies that currently exist. The focus of which will be on the treatment of factory farmed animals and how Australia continues to lag behind the rest of the world in developing a legal system that effectively shuts out animal cruelty. The notion of animal law is one that is highly complex yet ironically extremely underdeveloped. This in turn has led to mass confusion about the treatment of animals by various bodies. According to voiceless, over the last 30 years, there has been a dramatic increase in our understanding of animal intelligence and behaviour and a broad acceptance that animals are sentient beings that have a right to live free of suffering. This has led to the recognition that the existing legal system has failed to provide animals with access to justice.  Ã‚  To address this failure, two streams of law have been developed that aim to use legal mechanisms to improve the lives of animals.  [5]   1. Animal welfare laws may be defined as those laws that seek to promote the interests of animals, within a legal framework that characterises them as property. In essence, animal welfare law sanctions exploitation of animals but seeks to define acceptable limits to that exploitation by prohibiting unnecessary pain and suffering.  [6]   Some examples of activities considered necessary under Australias current animal welfare laws include:  [7]   Confining millions of pigs, chickens and other farm animals in concrete and steel sheds (modern factory farms) with no access to the outdoors, little to no access to bedding material and  little to no meaningful contact with their young; Denying anaesthetic during painful procedures such as tail docking, castration and teeth clipping; and Using a range of methods from baits and traps to guns and bows and arrows (in some states) to kill millions of wild animals defined as feral or game every year. It is under this area of law that Australia is clearly lacking in its commitment to the protection of animal welfare. Ultimately, such necessary activities are permitted on the basis of efficiency and economics. This is further reinforced by Francione who argues that most animal welfare legislation is based on an understanding of animals as commodities (evidenced by the significant exemptions and qualifications typical of such laws, including the use of animals for food and for scientific research).  [8]  However, the imposition of cruelty for economic reasons alone is unjustified and essentially this needs to be reformed. For Singer, a utilitarian, the qualified protection provided by animal welfare legislation reflects a failure to give equal consideration to the interests of animals. In turn, this failure reflects speciesism an irrational, discriminatory and morally unjustifiable preference for the interests of humans over animals.  [9]   Public consideration of the issue of cruelty to animals tends to focus on the treatment of companion animals and animals used in research. Wolfson and Sullivan argue that this focus also underpins law-making and legal scholarship.  [10]  Yet, they point out, it is farmed animals that account for almost all animals killed by humans (in the order of 98 in every 100 killed).  [11]  This is once again a clear failure in the development of an effective body of law. The protection of animal welfare and rights is clearly a mirage of hope. This is primarily based on the notion that anti-cruelty legislation has been called upon because of the impact that humans are having on farmed animals, yet our legal bodies continue to ignore such blatant actions and focus on an area of law that appeases society without actually effectively addressing the issue at hand. Ultimately, as will be discussed later, this creates a false sense of security amongst humans that our governments are effectivel y targeting animal welfare rights. In the United States these animals are invisible to the law. At federal level, farmed animals are exempted from anti-cruelty legislation.  [12]  States are also increasingly incorporating customary farming exemptions. If industry participants can establish that particular treatment of a type of animal is commonplace and accepted industry practice, no criminal liability can arise based on that treatment, regardless of how cruel the treatment might actually be. The end result is a profit-driven industry, with a proven record of sustained infliction of cruelty on animals, which is largely self-regulated on issues of animal welfare.  [13]  Further to this, legislation in Australia exempts farming from cruelty offences, and although most jurisdictions have adopted codes of conduct for the treatment of farmed animals, these are not always compulsory, and are not subject to wide public scrutiny. Thus, the issue of profit making industries again go es to the core of animal welfare rights. The failure to understand animal welfare rights over economic progression will inevitably ensure that this remains a perpetual problem. Until society puts animal welfare ahead of profits then Australia will remain in a contained cyclical downfall with respect to the protection of animals. It is at this point where the implementation of animal rights law may help to aid the development of animal protection in the future. 2. Animal rights law may be defined as an area of law which seeks to question animals well-entrenched status as property, with a view to securing fundamental rights for (at least some) animals.  [14]  The quest for animal rights is not a pursuit for the same rights that humans should have. Essentially, animal rights lawyers argue that animals should not be treated by the law as mere things. This area of the law is based on the assumption that unless animals have rights, they will continue to be treated by society as resources to satisfy human wants and needs.  [15]   Thus it is the development of this area of law that is essential to the proper development of animal welfare laws. The development of these two areas ultimately complements one another with the hope of eradicating the issues that arise under the first type of legal system. That is, the protection of animals from unnecessary pain and suffering only. Singer may regard animal welfare legislation as a positive development, but would argue that to be effective such legislation needs to consider the interests of animals and humans equally. It is here where animal rights law begins to reflect such an ideological stance, and as already discussed, this is a major step in the development of an effective body of law that deals with animals and humans. Whilst the need for legal advocates is an urgent one, animal law, as already discussed is a relatively new body of law that is still in its infant stages of development. In the United States, animal law has been developing at an increasing rate over the last thirty years. However in Australia, there are still only a handful of advocates (committees, universities and organisations) actively debating these issues. A 2006 survey conducted in connection with the Federal Governments Australian Animal Welfare Strategy found that participants had a shallow understanding of animal welfare issues and that there appeared to be assumptions by the general public about animal welfare and the existence and enforcement of legislation to protect animals from mistreatment.  [16]  Thus, this clear lack of transparency and education with respect to the law inevitably inhibits the ability of animal law to grow as a serious body of law. In recent years, increased scrutiny and criticism of intensive factory farms have changed the way that animal industries market their products. No more hiding beneath a veil of secrecy hoping that issues such as sow stalls, battery cages and meat chicken growing and processing wont be discussed and debated. The social justice movement of animal protection is rapidly picking up momentum and animal industries are now, more than ever, being called upon to justify or change their practices. However despite this change in perception, it is clear that Australia is still falling behind in the protection of intensively farmed animals. This can primarily be linked backed to the argument that animals can never gain adequate protection under the law without a fundamental reappraisal of their legal status as property. For example, according to the American lawyer Gary Francione, because their interests are evaluated against this status as property, the outcome is almost certain: people win and a nimals lose.  [17]  He takes the view that, although an animal treatment by its owner may ostensibly be limited by anticruelty laws, property rights are paramount in determining the ambit of protection accorded to animals by law.  [18]  If we say that an animal is property, he declares, we mean that the animal is to be treated under the law primarily as a means to human ends, and not as an end in herself.  [19]  Thus, to expand legal protection and remedy available to factory farmed animals, a uniform and settled approach on standing must be established upon the principle that animals are not merely a means to human ends but have by virtue of themselves, basic moral rights.  [20]  Ultimately, the treatment of animals as property inhibits the ability of the law to protect their rights as it would be extremely unlikely that standing can be established. As Cassuto argues, animals lack legal protections because they are commodified property whose worth emanates from thei r market value.  [21]  In other words, systematic abuse arises is sanctioned in the discourse of property because such animals are not considered as individual, sentient beings but a mere commodity.  [22]  Granting standing to a plaintiff to sue to enforce an animal welfare statue therefore can serve to interfere in another individuals property right. The conflict of interest that arises is therefore an inherent problem within this body of law. The continuation of animals being associated as mere commodities will essentially inhibit the development of animal rights and ultimately will ensure Australia remains behind the rest of the world. The notion that factory farmed animals are mere commodities with no measurable rights is made apparent especially in our NSW legislation. The legislative framework governing the lives of animals on factory farms is indicative of the dichotomy drawn between farm animals on the one hand and companion animals or endangered species on the other. As already pointed out by Wolfson, public consideration of the issue of cruelty to animals tends to focus on the treatment of companion animals and animals used in research. This is made no more apparent than in our legislation. Firstly, NSW implemented the Companion Animals Act 1998 (NSW).  [23]  The Companion Animals Act covers the responsibilities and rights of the owners of companion animals, such as cats and dogs. The aim of the legislation is to protect the rights of animals and their owners in balance with the rights and needs of others in the community. Thus, where NSW attempts to convey to the public that it is serious about animal r ights, it appears that this is only with respect to companion animals. It is an unfortunate occurrence as it has created a sense of security amongst the public that our state is serious about animal protection, yet the truth of the matter is that we are neglecting the primary group of animals that are in need the most. In NSW, the key piece of legislation is the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (POCTAA).  [24]  One would assume that this may provide some protection to farmed animals. However, this is clearly not the case as Peter Sankoff suggests An examination of POCTAA as a stand-alone document further supports the suggestion that the animals best protected by NSW animal welfare law are animals the community has the most immediate and intimate relationship with.  [25]  Provisions in the Act establish stringent definitions of cruelty contained in sections 4(2) and 5 in which the following is an act of cruelty whereby an animal is unreasonably, unnecessarily or unju stifiably beaten, kicked, killed, wounded, pinioned, mutilated, maimed, abused, tormented, tortured, terrified or infuriated, over-loaded, over-worked, over-driven, over-ridden or over-used, exposed to excessive heat or excessive cold, or inflicted with pain. In section 4 of the POCTA Act, animals used for the production of food and industry are defined as stock animals comprising cattle, horses, sheep, goats, deer, pigs, and poultry. By virtue of this definition they are exempt from numerous acts that would come under the definition of cruelty if these acts were committed against an animal not defined as a stock animal.  [26]  Such exemptions are facilitated by the establishment of a legal defense to an alleged cruel practice through section 24 of the POCTA Act whereby a person is not guilty of the offence if the court is satisfied that the act or omission in respect of which the proceedings are being taken was done to a stock animal in the course of various industry practices.   [27]  Such practices sustaining the defense include ear tagging or branding and all acts if an animal is less than two to six months of age depending on the species of animals. Stock animals are also exempted from section 9 of the POCTA Act which stipulates that confined animals are to be exercised. Under 34A the POCTA Act, Industry codes of Practice can be adopted as guidelines, relating to the welfare of farm animals meaning that it is the Industries themselves regulating animal welfare in factory farms. This essentially creates a clear conflict of interest because rather than establish independent bodies or legislative frameworks, removed from subjective bias such as monetary concerns it appears that the government is content with self regulation that is clearly ineffective. Further to this, an examination of the other regulatory instruments that work alongside POCTAA further support the suggestion that being a high visibility animal is legislatively beneficial. Exhibited a nimals, the highest visibility animals, are granted the full range of protections available under POCTAA, and then they have their own piece of additional legislation in the form of the Exhibited Animals Protection Act 1986 (NSW).  [28]  The protections available to animals in circuses, zoos, and those used in theatre and film, are strong and comprehensive. The reason EAPA was created was due to the public outcry over the poor conditions being provided for animals exhibited in some circuses and fauna parks.  [29]  This demonstrates how important visibility is to good legal protections, and essentially this highlights the chronic issue plaguing farmed animals as they are completely removed from the spotlight. Thus it is clear this is an extremely underdeveloped area of law, as Wolfson identifies, it is farmed animals that account for almost all animals killed by humans (in the order of 98 in every 100 killed).  [30]  Thus, how can Australia possibly consider itself at the forefront of animal welfare rights, when the core group of animals remains unprotected by any form of solid legislation? Essentially, Australia is still lagging behind significantly and this will be further highlighted by a comparative analysis below of the developments taking place in the United States and Europe. The underdevelopment of our legal system with respect to animals is not confined to NSW only. If one were to take an analytical view of our Victorian legislation for instance, the public would indeed see that this is a nationwide issue. Section 6(1) of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 Victoria, and its state and territory equivalents, exclude production animals (the vast majority of animals in Australia) from the legislations protection. If production industries follow a code of practice for their particular animal, they are exempted from prosecution for cruelty, despite the fact the codes are barely enforced, or allow very cruel practices. However, as discussed above, such codes of practice are clearly a form of appeasement rather than a serious attempt at protecting our animals. As a result, millions of factory-farmed animals daily endure conditions that would be illegal if they involved a companion animal such as a cat or dog. As Katrina Sharman, corporate counsel for animal advocacy group Voiceless says: Most never see the light of day, feel the earth beneath their feet, walk freely, stretch their wings or limbs, forage for food or engage in normal socialisation.  [31]  Even the limited legislative protection that Australia offers animals is inadequately enforced. Under section 24 of the act, charges may be laid by a member of the police force, a public servant in the Department of Primary Industries, municipal council officer or RSPCA officer.  [32]  But in reality, all bodies are under-resourced, meaning most breaches of the law are not detected or investigated, let alone prosecuted, even if there is genuine will to do so.  [33]  And even if someone is convicted, penalties are woeful. Under section 10 of the act, for example, the maximum penalty for aggravated cruelty is 12 months jail. In this regard, greater deterrence through the form of a more imposing legislative framework is crucial to ensure that industries and individuals refrain from continuing such acts. Ultimately, education has been an insufficient tool to protect our animals and from an industry perspective, unless penalties become harsher, they are going to continue to practice in a way that is focused on efficiency alone and not in a way that would be in the animals interest. According to a publication issued by the Australian Chicken Meat Federation Inc: Concern for bird welfare is backed by Government and Industry Standards which ensure birds are kept comfortable and treated humanely.  [34]  Similarly, Australian Pork Limiteds website tells us that: Australian consumers can have every confidence in the animal welfare standards applied by Australian pork producers [because] our farmers all abide by the standards as set out in the Model Code.  [35]  Despite such positive sentiments, the issue at hand here is that most farm animals fall largely outside the protective reach of animal welfare legislation. They are classified in law as property or commodities as discussed above. The Codes mirror this approach, which has drastic ramifications for the way farm animals are treated. For example, the Codes permit permanent indoor confinement of female pigs, layer hens and meat chickens in circumstances which severely limit their ability to carry out their normal behaviours. They also provide for certain Management Practices or Elective Husbandry Procedures to be performed on farm animals. The Pig Code  [36]  sanctions the docking of piglets tails, while the Poultry Code  [37]  provides for layer hens to be subjected to appropriate beak trimming. These procedures are both permitted to be carried out without pain relief, notwithstanding the fact that scientific research points to the fact that they are likely to cause acute and chronic pain.  [38]  Most animals in factory farms live a life of confinement. They spend their time crammed into cages, sheds or feedlots and they never see the sun. Take, for example, the breeding pigs (sows), numbering about 300,000.  [39]  These intelligent, emotionally complex beings spend the bulk of their reproductive lives in stalls so small they cannot turn around.  [40]  The sole purpose of their existence, as determined by us, is to produce the five million pigs slaughtered every y ear to fill the mouths of our pork, ham and bacon lovers.  [41]  This industry is so fixated on profits and meeting the demands of society that from an economic perspective no other form of treatment is feasible. Thus, it is clear that the industry has taken advantage of the laxity of the legislative framework and incorporated this into its own practice codes and industry standards. Through this, it is clear that Australia desperately needs to change to ensure that it ceases to lag behind the rest of the world and become a leader at the forefront of animal welfare. As argued, Australia is clearly lagging behind in the development of animal law, and the primary area is that of factory farmed animals. Despite Australian Pork Limited Claiming that Australian pig farmers are leading the way in making positive changes in the way pigs are raised, such claims are largely a falsity. As can be seen from the discussion above, in Australia, there are State and Territory animal welfare laws that are intended to protect animals but in reality, the fundamental interests of most farm animals, including pigs, are not protected in law. As already discussed, National Model Codes of Practice apply in addition to some animal welfare laws; however, these Codes also fail to provide true protection. To make matters worse, they are often used to justify many cruel factory farming practices. The current Model Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals- Pigs (revised) (2006) (the Revised Code)  is no exception. Continuing on from the above discussion, some of the cru el practices it permits are: Pregnant sows may be confined for the duration of their 16 week pregnancy in individual sow stalls, measuring no more than 0.6 x 2.2m. These stalls, which have been associated with physical disorders, chronic stress and depression, are so small that female pigs cannot even turn around.  [42]   From about 2017: The maximum time for holding pregnant pigs in sow stalls will reduce to 6 weeks. This is two weeks more than the minimum standard being introduced by the European Union and New Zealand. Sow stalls are already banned  in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands and Finland. They are also banned in Florida and are being phased out in Arizona, California, Colorado, Maine, Michigan and Oregon in the United States. Two of the largest pork producers in the US and Canada also recently announced their plans to phase out sow stalls.  Ã‚  [43]   Heavily pregnant and nursing sows will be confined for up to 6 weeks of each reproductive cycle in farrowing crates, before their young are prematurely weaned. These crates, which measure 0.5 x 2.2m, are even smaller than sow stalls.  [44]   Pig producers  are not obligated to provide access to the outdoors where pigs can engage in natural behaviours such as grazing, wallowing in mud, walking around and nosing or manipulating their environment.  [45]   Painful mutilations of young piglets, including tail docking, teeth clipping and castration without pain relief, continue to be permitted.  [46]   Natural materials such as straw for sleeping and nesting, while encouraged,  are not mandatory, rendering many pigs subject to a miserable life on concrete floors.  [47]   Thus, whilst it is correct to say that the Pig Code has recently been reviewed, the upshot of that review, other than largely reinstating the existing system, was to defer phasing out sow stalls for a decade. If sow stalls are phased out in 2017 as mentioned above, then Australia will still be 14 years behind the EU which hasnt allowed new stalls to be built since 2003. Australia will also be markedly behind eight US States including, most recently, Michigan, which is scheduled to phase out sow stalls over the next decade. No Australian jurisdiction has even meaningfully debated a ban on sow stalls. Their spin on the Poultry Code appears to have overlooked the section conveniently titled hatchery management which allows approximately ten million culled or surplus hatchlings (predominately male chicks) to be disposed of by carbon dioxide gassing or quick maceration as if they are trash, which technically they are in industry terms, since they are of no economic utility.  [48]  AE CLs press release also failed to mention that conventional battery cages are scheduled to be phased out across the European Union by 2012, whereas several attempts to introduce a ban in Australia have met considerable resistance.  [49]   Further to the above, a number of European countries have taken a leadership role in the area of chicken meat

Quatitative Research Article Critique

In this article, Roy and Therin present the results of an empirical study investigating the relationship between an enterprise’s knowledge acquisition activities and its environmental commitment. The article identifies past research related to knowledge acquisition and environmental commitment and informs the reader that although much as been written about this subject businesses remain confused about how to adopt these environmental considerations. This study shows to be significant, practical and the results could be utilized in real-world business applications. The literature review was comprehensive, up to date and well organized. The authors were able to identify and relate previous research to the current problem. The review identifies many different ideas from a variety of sources all of which relate to the problem statement. Activities specific to environmental issues should offer SMEs valuable knowledge to support their efforts towards a greater environmental commitment (Revel and Rutherfoord, 2003; Simpson et al. 2004) shows how an environmental relationship can help an enterprise. Also read this  Critique of Stuff Is Not Salvation The study identifies four questions of focus to determine if small and medium enterprises (SMEs) can be evaluated on how their knowledge network relates to environment commitment. A hypothesis is established, expecting that firms that are more involved in regular scanning activities will demonstrate a higher level of environmental commitment The methodology is clearly outlined in the study; the desired population was SMEs from six different manufacturing sectors identified using the Quebec Industrial Research Center database. Since these companies face direct involvement with environment issues they should be motivated to respond with un-biased and truthful responses. The data was gathered using phone interviews with senior administrators carried out by a specialized survey firm. The questions given in the survey were measured by the responders perception of the knowledge management processes and the answers were evaluated using Likert-type scales. The research compiles results and uses the information to classify the enterprises as low or high environmental commitment. Since the study could result in a positive or negative effect to a company’s business to can be questioned whether the responses can be completely valid. The authors provided precisely tabulated graphic and narrative evidence used to support the problem statement. Tables containing the various enterprise categories and their environmental commitment levels were provided and are easily understood. The sample consisted of 136 businesses and t tests were performed on independent samples and the significance levels were identified. All of the acquired results are closely related to the study questions and the information is interpreted accurately. This study confirms the author’s hypothesis and provided excess information related to the subject. The authors did recognize the need to preform further research in order to better understand the relationship. There is no evidence that the external validity of this study should be questioned, it is clear that the study can be applied to a separate sample group and produce similar results.

Practicum report sample for hotel and restaurant management Essay

COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT HRM 117- OJT in Hotel BSHM STUDENTS PRACTICUM EVALUATION FORM Aaron C. Magallon Student Front Office – Bell Service Department and Position DUSIT THANI MANILA Cooperating Hotel PERIOD COVERED: _________________________________ DIRECTION:The statement below represents the expected skills and other personal qualities of HM practicum students. Please rate the trainee accordingly by checking the appropriate box with the corresponding points relative to the acquired knowledge and skills. The five points Liker Scale below will guide in your rating. POINTS VERBAL INTERPRETATION EVALUATION SCALE GRADE 5 Excellent4.20-5.00 1.00 4Very Good (VG)3.40-4.19 1.25 3 Good (G)2.60-3.39 1.50 2 Fair (F)1.80-2.59 1.75 1 Poor (P)1.00-1.79 2.00 AREA 1: VOCATIONAL / TRADE SKILLS (25%) 5 4 3 2 1 1.1 Quality of work ability to meet Quality of Standards 1.2 Application of acquired knowledge and skills 1.3 Ability to use tools and equipment properly 1.4 Ability of work safety, effectively, and efficiency Weighted Mean AREA 2: WORK QUALITIES AND HABITS 5 4 3 2 1 2.1 Industry Personal application to assigned work 2.2 Reliability 2.3 Initiative 2.4 Punctuality 2.5 Ability to follow direction Weighted Mean AREA 3: PERSONAL AND SOCIAL QUALITIES 5 4 3 2 1 3.1 Cooperative-ability to work together with other people 3.2 Self-Control ability to control emotions 3.3 Poise-demonstrate level of self-confidence appropriate for the job 3.4 Reaction to advice and constructive criticism 3.5 Willingness to follow direction 3.6 Adaptability-capacity to adjust to new problem and changing situation Weighted Mean AREA 4: COMMUNICATION SKILLS 5 4 3 2 1 4.1 Ability in oral communication 4.2 Ability in written communication 4.3 Knowledge of vocabulary related to the job Weighted Mean AREA 5: PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP 5 4 3 2 1 5.1 Ability to work harmoniously with co-workers 5.2 Ability to work harmoniously with immediate supervisors Weighted Mean COMMENTS: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Grand Mean: ________Equivalent Grade: ________ EVALUATOR Signature over Printed Name Noted by: MS. DULCE B. AURELIO Practicum Coordinator

What does vehicle tracking system mean - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 33 Words: 10014 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? What is vehicle tracking system? Vehicle tracking system is to track the vehicles location and its kind of electronic device and need to install in the vehicle. There are many kind of vehicle tracking system like GPS, RFID, fleet tracking system, VTU, satellite tracking, etc. Among them, I would like to introduce the GPS vehicle tracking system, RFID vehicle tracking system and VTU vehicle tracking unit. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What does vehicle tracking system mean?" essay for you Create order There are two tracking system, active and passive. Passive tracking is only record the movement of the vehicle and do not transmit data. But the active tracking is record the location and transmits this to the central control. GPS 1. tracking method The most popular and famous method is Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS can show the accurate location of vehicle and when combine with other communication media like cellular or satellite transmitters. It can provide the electronic maps use internet or special software. 2. accuracy of the tracking method Not all, but certain atmospheric factors and some sources of errors can affect the accuracy of GPS receivers. GPS receivers can perform accurately within 15 meters. Todays GPS are extremely accurate because of the parallel multi-channel design. The accuracy of position determined with receiver types. Receiver use Differential GPS, obtains higher accuracy. 3. information given by tracking system Once the users position has been determined, a vehicle tracking system using GPS takes the location, speed, direction and time data provided. The GPS unit can calculate other information, such as speed, bearing, track, trip distance, distance to destination, sunrise and sunset time and more. 4. how often information is transmitted form vehicle to central control The information updated automatically every couple of minutes. The system will update the location of your vehicle every five minutes 24/7/365. 5. method of data transmission to center When GPS is set up in the cars, the position of the vehicle is provided based on satellite information and this can constantly update the location. The GPS receiver receives the information from the satellite signal. All the messages sent between vehicle and central control are using mobile network and this can be captured by the central control. Transmitter power is only 50 watts or less. 6. cost per day There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS. The average cost for using GPS per vehicle for a day is about $1.50. All vehicles can reduce at least 25 miles per week using GPS tracking system. Thus we can reduce $37.50 for a week and $1950 for annual. 7. additional services that system provided GPS vehicle tracking system can provide a range of features meaning you can find the ideal system for any situation. In coming days, GPS will be process more readily available not only as a tracking chip, but also as functional software in the cell phone or handheld. However, as the process become efficient, users will be able to access maps and other useful information directly through their phones and handhelds. When taxi drivers are driving to the customers, GPS will be at their side to advise them as to the most direct or fastest route. 8. Limitations of the system GPS can operate in any weather conditions and everywhere, also time is not limited. The signals travel by line of sight, meaning they will pass through clouds, glass and plastic but will not go through most solid objects such as buildings and mountains. Thus GPS cant do indoor tracking. When you need outdoor tracking, GPS will need to combine with RFID. GPS cant work underground, underwater and indoors. Noise, clouds and other atmospheric phenomena can affect the accuracy of GPS between 1 to 10 meters and up to 30 meters. To overcome interferences, other technology, AGPS, DGPS, and WAAS, has been developed to aid in determining an accurate location. Recommendation The GPS vehicle tracking system can provide best vehicle tracking with secure data transmission. It also can work in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world and anytime. With GPS tracking system, your company can provide two main services you whish to provide to customers with best services. With the use of GPS, you can also check the customer is arrived to the destination or not and that vehicle is available to hire, from the controller. GPS can give not only route information to driver but also other additional features. GPS can estimate time when the taxi will arrive to the customer and show the exact location of vehicle anytime. If the taxi is late, using GPS can find out the problem of why it is. GPS function doesnt have limited number of vehicle that can use. The extension of vehicle is allowed. Using GPS, we can know the actual location of the vehicle and its actually work. Controller can also easy to inform to driver, the nearest location of customer. GPS is the cost ef fective method with faster and reliable tracking system that you should be used. 2. RFID RFID is the Radio Frequency Identification system that can use for tracking various kinds of things.Radio Frequency Identification is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called tags. In RFID, uses radio waves to capture data from tags. Also use to track vehicles and give high identification accuracy. 1. The tracking method RFID system needs the tag (may be active or passive), reader (antenna or integrator) and software. The RFID reader transmits the information to the tag and the tag accepts this data. The data collected from tags is passing the communication wireless media and give this data to the computer. Thus, you can view the status and location of mobile resources from anywhere over the internet. 2. Accuracy of the tracking method The RFID reader has a read range 5m to 30m according to the reader type and the technology used, active or passive. It can perform accurately in the given distance with fast reading speed. Automotives can be real-time tracked and data of vehicles can be written at long distance. 3. Information delivered by the tracking system With this RFID vehicle tracking system, car information can be automated gathered to enable vehicle management to be more efficient and safe. This can provide accurate data updated in up-to-minute. The system give tracked vehicle location, speed, and heading in real-time 24/7. And show the location and status of objects on maps, lists or indoor plans. 4. How often the information is transmitted from the vehicle to the central control system Transmission method is totally depend on the wave signal type. Transmission of data can be difficult in the places of wireless connections and network. The wave signal is difficult to download in every minute and thus, data is transmitted to the control centre 5 times in an hour. Data sent to servers on a regular basis, or when the object moves or upon request. 5. Method of data transmission from vehicle to centre The tag on the vehicle reflects a small part of this RF energy back to the antenna. The reflected radio waves denote the tags unique identification code and other stored data. To become perfect tracking system, RFID a completely wireless system using WiFi or Ethernet TCP/IP or a combination of the two to send positional data back to the central system with the lowest implementation costs. The antenna relays the signal to the reader, which can add information and stores it in a buffer. The reader can transmit the tags identification code to the customers information management system. And the entire process takes only milliseconds. 6. Cost per vehicle par day of using the system RFID equipment, reader cost about $450 for the whole system according to the use of device. Price of passive tag cost 10 cents and $1 and the active cost more than $20. RFID cost about $6 par day per vehicle. The daily cost is expensive and less effective. Thus, RFID is more expensive and also less functions than GPS. To track the vehicle too far from the country or within the country, we need many work stations. 7. Additional services that the system provided And most of RFID tags can customized to match user requirement function like prevent with appropriate password security authorized staff. In active system, the tags can support additional features such temperature sensing. An active RFID system is viable where the objects to be tracked are higher value, mission critical, have a consequential impact if not quickly located, or there is an additional security, regulatory or health and safety requirement for such information. 8. Limitations of the system And with a read range of up to 15 feet, RFID tag has a unique ID cater for the secure operation of this RFID vehicle tracking system. The distance that a tag can be read by the reading device is a function of the relative strength of the signals. Signal strength depends on the strength of the energy field, the efficiency of the tags to change the energy wave into the RF wave, conditions that can block or interfere with the energy waves (i.e., metal, water) and the sensitivity of the antennas attached to the tag and the reading device. Automatic Vehicle Tacking Unit (AVT)1. The tracking method The Automatic Vehicle Tracking System (AVTS) consists of Vehicle Tracking Units (VTU) mounted on vehicles, Fleet Management System (FMS) at Network Center and a communication network between VTU and the Network Center. The VTU has inbuilt GPS card and necessary firmware for automatic operation. The VTU retrieves the position information of the vehicle at predefined regular intervals and forwards it to the NMS at network center through the communication network. The position data is automatically saved to a database server at network center. The user can view position of vehicles on a map in real-time or in playback modes. 2. Accuracy of the tracking method By using the latest GPS andGSM technology to protect and monitor your vehicle, virtually anywhere and then locate it to within a few meters. The tracking centre operator monitors your vehicle 24 hours. The network of ATU has ample capability to handle over million of vehicles at a time and ensure the safety of data even in NON-GSM areas for several months. Data accuracy is about 25-30 feet or better. 3. The information delivered by the tracking system The tracking system transmits detailed tabular trip report with date, time, route, location, speed, etc. Can also watch your vehicle moving in real-time on the map, route being traversed, distance covered and at what speed. PC in the vehicle can capture travel data such as direction, speed, duration of stops, and addresses along the route. 4. How often transmitted vehicle to central control Data updating to central control is at intervals ranging from 1 second to 1 hour. Our optimum setting is 10 seconds updates. The data recorder can store over 2,400 hours (100-days) of recorded data. 5. Method of transmission form vehicle to centre The communication network provides the connectivity between the VTU and the Network Center. Typically the VTU is provided with communication hardware based on GSM Technology. It also offer solutions based on Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) as well as MSS+GSM based hybrid solution. 6. Cost per vehicle par day This system can be purchased for 6 months at $30.00 or 12 months at $60.00. Sign up for 12 months of this service for just $5 a month. Tracking hardware is about $200. 7. Additional services The tracking centre operator monitors your vehicle 24 hours per day for unauthorised intrusion, theft, accident, breakdown, panic/assistance, vehicle movement or breach of a predefined Geo -fence boundary. The operator can then perform numerous tasks including; engine immobilisation, unlock doors, advise the police or dispatch security response. Command and control, speed limit, way-points and stoppages, etc can be available and some features like Geofencing Location Tracking, Speed Tracking, SMS alerts, Route Mapping, Way Points Management, vehicle snapshot, route replay can access. You can gather travel details for every city, every turn, and every stop can also display according to the recorder. 8. Limitations of the system The vehicle tracking device VTU is the total security protection and fleet management solution. The device incorporates a covertly installed module (which works and communicates independently) but has the ability to run in conjunction with your local GSM network (DTMF, voice message, SMS, GPRS or GSM modem call). 2 way voice communication methods There is several voice communication methods to communicate, using various types of signals such as radio frequencies, satellite signals. Among them, the most reasonable methods I want to advise you is General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Public Access Mobile Radio (PAMR) and Private Mobile Radio (PMR). General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) 1. How the method works Among wireless data services General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is the most popular one. This provides users with packet data services using the GSM digital radio network. GPRS is hand over communication when GPRS connection travels from one base station to another. The GPRS service joins together multiple speech channels to provide higher bandwidth data connections for GPRS data users. GPRS service is dialed in a similar manner to a standard data call at which point the user is attached and an IP address is allocated and data can flow to and from the Internet until the network unattached. GPRS only uses the medium during times that data is being sent or received. Users have dedicated connections during their entire call (Half duplex). GPRS mobile station registers with the network and connected to voice networks by the mobile switching center, GPRS packets are sent from the base station to what is called a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN). 2. legal requirement for operation system The GSM association undertakes to give to the company (a) Non-exclusive, royalty free license to use or deal with the [ x number of copies ] of the GPRS management agreement [numbered x to z] in accordance with the conditions prescribed in this agreement (b) registered copies of the detailed specification of the confidentiality algorithm for protection of the information exchanged over the radio channels of a GSM GPRS system License duration is five years and user is unauthorized to keep copies or photocopies of license agreement. The organization should be the one that manufacture equipment of GSM GPRS standards for use by public telecommunications and these has been tested. The company must be a member of the GSM Association. 3. cost of setting up operating system The cost of GPRS recorder for 1 Unit is about $399 and the license fee is $37.99 per month. In GPRS, users will only pay for the amount of data they actually communicate. The cost of GPRS is $0.01160 per Kb (billed per 20Kb) for unencrypted data and encrypted data cost $0.0058 per kilobyte with no minimum session charge. Users can prepay at $1.20 / $1 per five minutes, $20 per month. A license is valid for five years and renewable. Administrative fee costs 1000 EURO. (1 EURO=1.48$) 4. limitations of each method(interference, range) Each voice circuit in GSM transmits the speech on a secure 14kbps digital radio link between the mobile phone and a nearby GSM transceiver station. Each 14kbps channel may be shared by multiple connected GPRS users (many users will be connected to the network but transmitting very little data). A GPRS user may theoretically use all voice channels on one transceiver (8 * 14 kbps) but radios to support this are not available and the operators will probably reserve at least some channels for voice circuits. As a users data requirements grow, they will use more of the available capacity within that timeslot, and then more available timeslots up to the maximum available or the maximum supported by their device. The connection to the GPRS network is always on, but the device needs to connect to the data terminal. The connection times are of course much lower than dial up. GPRS connection to be ready to use in 7 seconds, while a dial up requires around 35 seconds becoming ready. Public Transmission Mobile Radio a) How each method works? Public Access Mobile Radio (PAMR) is the method of two way radio communications and services are provided from a transmitter at a single site called common base station. To become the network that use in the regional, many transmitters are needed to link. Signals go 45 m from the station. PAMR network use channels every available channels from numbers of linked. No need to wait channel make less taking time and efficiency was improved. But PAMR is lack of privacy because all customers are share services with group use. It also dont have license to apply to assign the channels that will be used. But can add function like short interconnection to PSTN. b) Details of legal requirements for operating the system in your country There are no legal requirements for operating system. c) Costs of setting up and operating the systems This will only cost the equipment cost. Because this is not the secure communication, you will need to consider problems like eavesdropping and men-in-the-middle. d) Limitations of each method The highest point of any PAMR antenna must no be more than 60 feet above the ground or 20 feet above the highest point of the structure on which it is mounted. The channels authorized to PAMR systems are available on a shared basis only and will not be assigned for the exclusive use of any entity. Those using PAMR transmitters must cooperate in the selection and use of channels in order to reduce interference and make the most effective use of authorized facilities. Private Mobile Radio (PMR) a) how each method works Private Mobile Radio (PMR) or as it is sometimes called Professional Mobile Radio is widely used for businesses as a very convenient way of communicating. It typically refers to sophisticated radio trucking services that provide two-way mobile radio communications for mobile users to connect to PMR voice telephony and data networks.This method is used the half-duplex system. A half-duplex system provides for communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously). Typically, once a party begins receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting, before replying. In automatically-run communications systems, such as two-way data-links, the time allocations for communications in a half-duplex system can be firmly controlled by the hardware. Thus, there is no waste of the channel for switching.The power of the radio is one of the main factors in determining range. Height is another important factor, as the higher the antenna, the further the radio waves can travel. Mobile Marine Systems provide a comprehensive range of professional private mobile radio (pmr) and radio systems integration services for adding value to your portable communication needs. b)details of legal requirements for operating the system in your country Radio communication, such as PMR, is frequently used to provide the necessary communication between all the members of the scheme. All such systems using PMR must be licensed and associated legislation. Licenses are allocated for operation on a particular channel or channels. The base station may be run by an operating company who will hire out channels to individual users. PMR licenses can only be issued to a legal entity; namely an individual, partnership, limited company or incorporated association. A license cannot be issued in the name of a body which does not have legal status, e.g. a group formed merely to provide funding for the purchase and running of a Watch scheme. It is common practice for a license to be held by an individual member of the group, however it should be noted that in such cases the license belongs to that individual, who is responsible for compliance with the terms of the license. Should they cease to be a member of the group, a new license will need to be applied for. It is recommended that applicants do not purchase any equipment until a licence schedule has been issued, detailing the frequency and facilities the Agency is prepared to licence. c) costs of setting up and operating the systems 1. A fee of $750 shall be payable for every fixed or base station on the issue or renewal of the licence. 2. A fee of $270 shall be payable for every mobile station on the issue or renewal of the licence. 3. If, during the period of 12 months following the grant or renewal of the licence, (a) new fixed or base stations are added to the licence, there shall be payable at the time of addition of every such station a further fee of $62.5 for each whole month of the remaining term of the licence; (b) new mobile stations are added to the licence, there shall be payable at the time of addition of every such station a further fee of $22.5 for each whole month of the remaining term of the licence. d) limitations of each method CTCSS is the most common protection available and is a widespread technology inbuilt into the radio but may not have been activated. If believe you have interference, you should check with your radio supplier that you have CTCSS or a similar system activated on your radios before you contact ComReg. These two types of interference have very similar symptoms within an affected radio system. The most common symptom is reduced range, there are many other common faults that a system can develop that will also result in reduced range. There are many other causes of interference to a PMR system, most of which are generally as a result of improper installation or dated equipment. It is important that you keep your equipment well maintained and serviced regularly. Old equipment should be replaced as some pieces of older equipment operate outside of the specifications laid down in the license conditions. Recommendation GPRS refers to a high-speed packet data technology with always-on connectivity. It can be highly cost effective to use the Internet instead of making long distance phone calls, and in the case of international connections, much more reliable. Although using only GPRS is not secure perfectly, you can add many features to protect your data. The cost is also most reasonable among all methods. GPRS recorders are not expensive as 3G does. License fee is also reasonable and the payment is varying with the use of our company. To set up GPRS in your vehicle and control centre is so easy. GPRS method is not complex to use and all the controllers can handle perfectly with in touch method. It can provide the most suitable features that need for your company. GPRS is the most popular method among all of the voice communication methods in nowadays. Topology with operation In computer networking, topology refers to the layout of connected devices that arrange the links and nodes, etc. According to the topology used nodes distances, speed, interconnections for physical are different. The standard topologies of networking are bus ring star tree mesh Hybrid Bus Topology All nodes are connected to the common cable called backbone or trunk in Bus topology. The data are carried by the node to node and only two endpoint (use terminator) connected to the backbone. Distributed bus is has more than one node and formed as branches. When the backbone is damage the network is not usable. Ring Topology In Ring topology the node is connected to two other nodes at the end. Thus, the shape of nodes is formed as ring. Dual-ring is also ring topology formed the double ring and data can flow in opposite directions around two rings. Star Topology Star network topology has one central node connected with many nodes. All data is transmitted to this central node retransmits the data to other nodes. Thus it does not have central connection point. Extended star has repeaters between the hub and nodes. Distributed star is physical star topology connected together in a linear fashion. Tree topology Tree topology is that multiple star topologies together onto a bus and the simplest form is hub connected directly to the tree bus and each hub functions as the root of a tree. This topology is the expedition of network. Each node has fixed number connected to lower level like Hierarchy and have at least 3 levels. Mash topology Mesh topologies has two cable paths but the data travel in one direction. This topology is mostly use in WAN network. Each node is connected to other nodes in the network and transmits data from one node to another. Full mesh is costly and complex for practical networks. Partial mash is not complex and expensive as full mash. Hybrid topology The hybrid is used to create the complex networks when networks are connected more than one which based on the same physical topology. 2.Types of media The common types of network media use in networking are twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables, and wireless media. Actually, network media is used to travel radio signals or electronic signals from one place to another to form a network. But it can not work until you match this with appropriate topology. Coaxial cable Coaxial cable consists of the hollow outer conductor and this is surrounded by the single inner wire made up of two conducting elements where located in the center is the copper cable. Coaxial cable need less distance of cable than twisted-pair cable. Ethernet backbone called Thicknet use higher transmission. Thinnet is weak shield connection. Twist-pair cable Twisted-pair, use in Ethernet network, wires are twisted to protect crosstalk. This type is self-protected and canceling technique is used in this cable. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) The UTP cable is used in various networks and it include eight individual copper wires, twisted each other. UTP is use for LAN and Ethernets. This can provide the best speed in copper based wires in nowadays. Cable length is short although the transmitting is not fast. Shielded twisted pair (UTP) STP main function is reducing electrical noise of cable, shielding and cancellation by twisting wires. Although the cable is short, it is moderately expensive. But UTP is less expensive than STP. Fiber optic cable Fiber optic cable transmits information by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. Fiber optic network can transmit data with high speeds and have a large carrying capacity with great resistance and signals can go further without needing to refresh, lower attenuation and interference. It expensive to install and operate can connect short distance and low bandwidth applications. Wireless communication Wireless communication transmits data using the radio frequencies (RF). The main key controller is the wireless hub called access point. The PC or laptop must have wireless adapter card to receive distribute signal. The signals are electromagnetic waves and can travel through the vacuum of outer space and air. No other physical media is need for wireless signals to create a network. Wireless signals use portions of RF spectrum to transmit voice, video, and data. 1. Recommendation I recommend the star topology with unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable. Star topology has high force tolerance. If a node is fail, the other nodes can be work until the server is available. It can extend easily. The extendibility of this topology provides the big help in extending new taxi for the company. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is one of the widely use and widely available media. Because of small size, the installation is easy. UTP cable is easy to install and is less expensive than other types of networking media. UTP costs less per meter than any other type of LAN cabling. Inexpensive and can get suitable services is also the good advantages for the company. To create the in-house network (LAN) for taxi company, the star topology with UTP media is the best match and the most suitable. I. Security issues relating to transmission of vehicle location data For vehicle tracking system, I recommended the GPS vehicle tracking method. When we need the secure data transmission, we need to prevent the network that we will use. First of all, there are three main requirements to become a secure network. They are the privacy, integrity and availability. The privacy issue is means the un-authorized users are gaining access to the network. There are many problems that we should consider when we consider the network security for transmission of vehicle location data. They are eavesdropping, Man-in-the-Middle. They are the most effective problems for security of vehicle location data transmission. Eavesdropping is the main problem of radio-oriented networks. This is the manner of snooping of information carried by the network. This may be borrowing a terminal whilst the user is away or tapping into the cables that carry the signals. In wireless network, radio frequency can be easily intercepted outside the premises. Thus any unauthorized mobile dev ice can be act as the receiver. Eavesdropping can enable from nearby premises. The hacker may remain undetected as there is no need to physically enter or connect to the premises. Most of the GPS vehicles tracking system use Private Network in the case of transmission data. This is the making of another passageway to transmit data on the Internet as private network. Using private network, we can use encryption and encapsulation technologies. Because of this function, the possibility of problems is already reduced and can provide secure data transmission of vehicle data. II. Voice communication transmission For two way voice communication, I recommended the GPRS. Man-in-the-Middle is also important for security of the network when transmit data. In this case, the third party intercepts a two way conversation. Third party pretends to each party that he is the other party. Eavesdropping and the modification of messages can occur before they received. If you need some secure information transmission, you should use the security protection like verbal instructions, queries can be used. Protection like adding software or system to protect the voice transmission security is need. The controllers respectively should use the password protection to use the central control. But this Internet-based technique does raise an issue of privacy from hackers without using private network. Thus security issues arise when data needs to leave the GPRS network to be delivered to either the Internet or a company LAN. Internet connectivity need to pay security charge by encrypting. Security features combine with GPRS, your company will get the best vehicle tracking system with 100% security. What is vehicle tracking system? Vehicle tracking system is to track the vehicles location and its kind of electronic device and need to install in the vehicle. There are many kind of vehicle tracking system like GPS, RFID, fleet tracking system, VTU, satellite tracking, etc. Among them, I would like to introduce the GPS vehicle tracking system, RFID vehicle tracking system and VTU vehicle tracking unit. There are two tracking system, active and passive. Passive tracking is only record the movement of the vehicle and do not transmit data. But the active tracking is record the location and transmits this to the central control. GPS 8. tracking method The most popular and famous method is Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS can show the accurate location of vehicle and when combine with other communication media like cellular or satellite transmitters. It can provide the electronic maps use internet or special software. 9. accuracy of the tracking method Not all, but certain atmospheric factors and some sources of errors can affect the accuracy of GPS receivers. GPS receivers can perform accurately within 15 meters. Todays GPS are extremely accurate because of the parallel multi-channel design. The accuracy of position determined with receiver types. Receiver use Differential GPS, obtains higher accuracy. 3. information given by tracking system Once the users position has been determined, a vehicle tracking system using GPS takes the location, speed, direction and time data provided. The GPS unit can calculate other information, such as speed, bearing, track, trip distance, distance to destination, sunrise and sunset time and more. 10. how often information is transmitted form vehicle to central control The information updated automatically every couple of minutes. The system will update the location of your vehicle every five minutes 24/7/365. 11. method of data transmission to center When GPS is set up in the cars, the position of the vehicle is provided based on satellite information and this can constantly update the location. The GPS receiver receives the information from the satellite signal. All the messages sent between vehicle and central control are using mobile network and this can be captured by the central control. Transmitter power is only 50 watts or less. 12. cost per day There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS. The average cost for using GPS per vehicle for a day is about $1.50. All vehicles can reduce at least 25 miles per week using GPS tracking system. Thus we can reduce $37.50 for a week and $1950 for annual. 13. additional services that system provided GPS vehicle tracking system can provide a range of features meaning you can find the ideal system for any situation. In coming days, GPS will be process more readily available not only as a tracking chip, but also as functional software in the cell phone or handheld. However, as the process become efficient, users will be able to access maps and other useful information directly through their phones and handhelds. When taxi drivers are driving to the customers, GPS will be at their side to advise them as to the most direct or fastest route. 14. Limitations of the system GPS can operate in any weather conditions and everywhere, also time is not limited. The signals travel by line of sight, meaning they will pass through clouds, glass and plastic but will not go through most solid objects such as buildings and mountains. Thus GPS cant do indoor tracking. When you need outdoor tracking, GPS will need to combine with RFID. GPS cant work underground, underwater and indoors. Noise, clouds and other atmospheric phenomena can affect the accuracy of GPS between 1 to 10 meters and up to 30 meters. To overcome interferences, other technology, AGPS, DGPS, and WAAS, has been developed to aid in determining an accurate location. Recommendation The GPS vehicle tracking system can provide best vehicle tracking with secure data transmission. It also can work in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world and anytime. With GPS tracking system, your company can provide two main services you whish to provide to customers with best services. With the use of GPS, you can also check the customer is arrived to the destination or not and that vehicle is available to hire, from the controller. GPS can give not only route information to driver but also other additional features. GPS can estimate time when the taxi will arrive to the customer and show the exact location of vehicle anytime. If the taxi is late, using GPS can find out the problem of why it is. GPS function doesnt have limited number of vehicle that can use. The extension of vehicle is allowed. Using GPS, we can know the actual location of the vehicle and its actually work. Controller can also easy to inform to driver, the nearest location of customer. GPS is the cost ef fective method with faster and reliable tracking system that you should be used. 2. RFID RFID is the Radio Frequency Identification system that can use for tracking various kinds of things. Radio Frequency Identification is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called tags. In RFID, uses radio waves to capture data from tags. Also use to track vehicles and give high identification accuracy. 9. The tracking method RFID system needs the tag (may be active or passive), reader (antenna or integrator) and software. The RFID reader transmits the information to the tag and the tag accepts this data. The data collected from tags is passing the communication wireless media and give this data to the computer. Thus, you can view the status and location of mobile resources from anywhere over the internet. 10. Accuracy of the tracking method The RFID reader has a read range 5m to 30m according to the reader type and the technology used, active or passive. It can perform accurately in the given distance with fast reading speed. Automotives can be real-time tracked and data of vehicles can be written at long distance. 11. Information delivered by the tracking system With this RFID vehicle tracking system, car information can be automated gathered to enable vehicle management to be more efficient and safe. This can provide accurate data updated in up-to-minute. The system give tracked vehicle location, speed, and heading in real-time 24/7. And show the location and status of objects on maps, lists or indoor plans. 12. How often the information is transmitted from the vehicle to the central control system Transmission method is totally depend on the wave signal type. Transmission of data can be difficult in the places of wireless connections and network. The wave signal is difficult to download in every minute and thus, data is transmitted to the control centre 5 times in an hour. Data sent to servers on a regular basis, or when the object moves or upon request. 13. Method of data transmission from vehicle to centre The tag on the vehicle reflects a small part of this RF energy back to the antenna. The reflected radio waves denote the tags unique identification code and other stored data. To become perfect tracking system, RFID a completely wireless system using WiFi or Ethernet TCP/IP or a combination of the two to send positional data back to the central system with the lowest implementation costs. The antenna relays the signal to the reader, which can add information and stores it in a buffer. The reader can transmit the tags identification code to the customers information management system. And the entire process takes only milliseconds. 14. Cost per vehicle par day of using the system RFID equipment, reader cost about $450 for the whole system according to the use of device. Price of passive tag cost 10 cents and $1 and the active cost more than $20. RFID cost about $6 par day per vehicle. The daily cost is expensive and less effective. Thus, RFID is more expensive and also less functions than GPS. To track the vehicle too far from the country or within the country, we need many work stations. 15. Additional services that the system provided And most of RFID tags can customized to match user requirement function like prevent with appropriate password security authorized staff. In active system, the tags can support additional features such temperature sensing. An active RFID system is viable where the objects to be tracked are higher value, mission critical, have a consequential impact if not quickly located, or there is an additional security, regulatory or health and safety requirement for such information. 16. Limitations of the system And with a read range of up to 15 feet, RFID tag has a unique ID cater for the secure operation of this RFID vehicle tracking system. The distance that a tag can be read by the reading device is a function of the relative strength of the signals. Signal strength depends on the strength of the energy field, the efficiency of the tags to change the energy wave into the RF wave, conditions that can block or interfere with the energy waves (i.e., metal, water) and the sensitivity of the antennas attached to the tag and the reading device. Automatic Vehicle Tacking Unit (AVT) 1. The tracking method The Automatic Vehicle Tracking System (AVTS) consists of Vehicle Tracking Units (VTU) mounted on vehicles, Fleet Management System (FMS) at Network Center and a communication network between VTU and the Network Center. The VTU has inbuilt GPS card and necessary firmware for automatic operation. The VTU retrieves the position information of the vehicle at predefined regular intervals and forwards it to the NMS at network center through the communication network. The position data is automatically saved to a database server at network center. The user can view position of vehicles on a map in real-time or in playback modes. 2. Accuracy of the tracking method By using the latest GPS andGSM technology to protect and monitor your vehicle, virtually anywhere and then locate it to within a few meters. The tracking centre operator monitors your vehicle 24 hours. The network of ATU has ample capability to handle over million of vehicles at a time and ensure the safety of data even in NON-GSM areas for several months. Data accuracy is about 25-30 feet or better. 3. The information delivered by the tracking system The tracking system transmits detailed tabular trip report with date, time, route, location, speed, etc. Can also watch your vehicle moving in real-time on the map, route being traversed, distance covered and at what speed. PC in the vehicle can capture travel data such as direction, speed, duration of stops, and addresses along the route. 4. How often transmitted vehicle to central control Data updating to central control is at intervals ranging from 1 second to 1 hour. Our optimum setting is 10 seconds updates. The data recorder can store over 2,400 hours (100-days) of recorded data. 5. Method of transmission form vehicle to centre The communication network provides the connectivity between the VTU and the Network Center. Typically the VTU is provided with communication hardware based on GSM Technology. It also offer solutions based on Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) as well as MSS+GSM based hybrid solution. 6. Cost per vehicle par day This system can be purchased for 6 months at $30.00 or 12 months at $60.00. Sign up for 12 months of this service for just $5 a month. Tracking hardware is about $200. 7. Additional services The tracking centre operator monitors your vehicle 24 hours per day for unauthorised intrusion, theft, accident, breakdown, panic/assistance, vehicle movement or breach of a predefined Geo -fence boundary. The operator can then perform numerous tasks including; engine immobilisation, unlock doors, advise the police or dispatch security response. Command and control, speed limit, way-points and stoppages, etc can be available and some features like Geofencing Location Tracking, Speed Tracking, SMS alerts, Route Mapping, Way Points Management, vehicle snapshot, route replay can access. You can gather travel details for every city, every turn, and every stop can also display according to the recorder. 8. Limitations of the system The vehicle tracking device VTU is the total security protection and fleet management solution. The device incorporates a covertly installed module (which works and communicates independently) but has the ability to run in conjunction with your local GSM network (DTMF, voice message, SMS, GPRS or GSM modem call). Two way voice communication There is several voice communication methods to communicate, using various types of signals such as radio frequencies, satellite signals. Among them, the most reasonable methods I want to advise you is General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Public Access Mobile Radio (PAMR) and Private Mobile Radio (PMR). General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) 5. How the method works Among wireless data services General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is the most popular one. This provides users with packet data services using the GSM digital radio network. GPRS is hand over communication when GPRS connection travels from one base station to another. The GPRS service joins together multiple speech channels to provide higher bandwidth data connections for GPRS data users. GPRS service is dialed in a similar manner to a standard data call at which point the user is attached and an IP address is allocated and data can flow to and from the Internet until the network unattached. GPRS only uses the medium during times that data is being sent or received. Users have dedicated connections during their entire call (Half duplex). GPRS mobile station registers with the network and connected to voice networks by the mobile switching center, GPRS packets are sent from the base station to what is called a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN). 6. legal requirement for operation system The GSM association undertakes to give to the company (a) Non-exclusive, royalty free license to use or deal with the [ x number of copies ] of the GPRS management agreement [numbered x to z] in accordance with the conditions prescribed in this agreement (c) registered copies of the detailed specification of the confidentiality algorithm for protection of the information exchanged over the radio channels of a GSM GPRS system License duration is five years and user is unauthorized to keep copies or photocopies of license agreement. The organization should be the one that manufacture equipment of GSM GPRS standards for use by public telecommunications and these has been tested. The company must be a member of the GSM Association. 7. cost of setting up operating system The cost of GPRS recorder for 1 Unit is about $399 and the license fee is $37.99 per month. In GPRS, users will only pay for the amount of data they actually communicate. The cost of GPRS is $0.01160 per Kb (billed per 20Kb) for unencrypted data and encrypted data cost $0.0058 per kilobyte with no minimum session charge. Users can prepay at $1.20 / $1 per five minutes, $20 per month. A license is valid for five years and renewable. Administrative fee costs 1000 EURO. (1 EURO=1.48$) 8. limitations of each method(interference, range) Each voice circuit in GSM transmits the speech on a secure 14kbps digital radio link between the mobile phone and a nearby GSM transceiver station. Each 14kbps channel may be shared by multiple connected GPRS users (many users will be connected to the network but transmitting very little data). A GPRS user may theoretically use all voice channels on one transceiver (8 * 14 kbps) but radios to support this are not available and the operators will probably reserve at least some channels for voice circuits. As a users data requirements grow, they will use more of the available capacity within that timeslot, and then more available timeslots up to the maximum available or the maximum supported by their device. The connection to the GPRS network is always on, but the device needs to connect to the data terminal. The connection times are of course much lower than dial up. GPRS connection to be ready to use in 7 seconds, while a dial up requires around 35 seconds becoming ready. Public Transmission Mobile Radio a) How each method works? Public Access Mobile Radio (PAMR) is the method of two way radio communications and services are provided from a transmitter at a single site called common base station. To become the network that use in the regional, many transmitters are needed to link. Signals go 45 m from the station. PAMR network use channels every available channels from numbers of linked. No need to wait channel make less taking time and efficiency was improved. But PAMR is lack of privacy because all customers are share services with group use. It also dont have license to apply to assign the channels that will be used. But can add function like short interconnection to PSTN. b) Details of legal requirements for operating the system in your country There are no legal requirements for operating system. c) Costs of setting up and operating the systems This will only cost the equipment cost. Because this is not the secure communication, you will need to consider problems like eavesdropping and men-in-the-middle. d) Limitations of each method The highest point of any PAMR antenna must no be more than 60 feet above the ground or 20 feet above the highest point of the structure on which it is mounted. The channels authorized to PAMR systems are available on a shared basis only and will not be assigned for the exclusive use of any entity. Those using PAMR transmitters must cooperate in the selection and use of channels in order to reduce interference and make the most effective use of authorized facilities. Private Mobile Radio (PMR) a) how each method works Private Mobile Radio (PMR) or as it is sometimes called Professional Mobile Radio is widely used for businesses as a very convenient way of communicating. It typically refers to sophisticated radio trucking services that provide two-way mobile radio communications for mobile users to connect to PMR voice telephony and data networks.This method is used the half-duplex system. A half-duplex system provides for communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously). Typically, once a party begins receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting, before replying. In automatically-run communications systems, such as two-way data-links, the time allocations for communications in a half-duplex system can be firmly controlled by the hardware. Thus, there is no waste of the channel for switching.The power of the radio is one of the main factors in determining range. Height is another important factor, as the higher the antenna, the further the radio waves can travel. Mobile Marine Systems provide a comprehensive range of professional private mobile radio (pmr) and radio systems integration services for adding value to your portable communication needs. b) Details of legal requirements for operating the system in your country Radio communication, such as PMR, is frequently used to provide the necessary communication between all the members of the scheme. All such systems using PMR must be licensed and associated legislation. Licenses are allocated for operation on a particular channel or channels. The base station may be run by an operating company who will hire out channels to individual users. PMR licenses can only be issued to a legal entity; namely an individual, partnership, limited company or incorporated association. A license cannot be issued in the name of a body which does not have legal status, e.g. a group formed merely to provide funding for the purchase and running of a Watch scheme. It is common practice for a license to be held by an individual member of the group, however it should be noted that in such cases the license belongs to that individual, who is responsible for compliance with the terms of the license. Should they cease to be a member of the group, a new license will need to be applied for. It is recommended that applicants do not purchase any equipment until a licence schedule has been issued, detailing the frequency and facilities the Agency is prepared to licence. c) costs of setting up and operating the systems 1. A fee of $750 shall be payable for every fixed or base station on the issue or renewal of the licence. 2. A fee of $270 shall be payable for every mobile station on the issue or renewal of the licence. 3. If, during the period of 12 months following the grant or renewal of the licence, (a) new fixed or base stations are added to the licence, there shall be payable at the time of addition of every such station a further fee of $62.5 for each whole month of the remaining term of the licence; (b) new mobile stations are added to the licence, there shall be payable at the time of addition of every such station a further fee of $22.5 for each whole month of the remaining term of the licence. d) limitations of each method CTCSS is the most common protection available and is a widespread technology inbuilt into the radio but may not have been activated. If believe you have interference, you should check with your radio supplier that you have CTCSS or a similar system activated on your radios before you contact ComReg. These two types of interference have very similar symptoms within an affected radio system. The most common symptom is reduced range, there are many other common faults that a system can develop that will also result in reduced range. There are many other causes of interference to a PMR system, most of which are generally as a result of improper installation or dated equipment. It is important that you keep your equipment well maintained and serviced regularly. Old equipment should be replaced as some pieces of older equipment operate outside of the specifications laid down in the license conditions. Recommendation GPRS refers to a high-speed packet data technology with always-on connectivity. It can be highly cost effective to use the Internet instead of making long distance phone calls, and in the case of international connections, much more reliable. Although using only GPRS is not secure perfectly, you can add many features to protect your data. The cost is also most reasonable among all methods. GPRS recorders are not expensive as 3G does. License fee is also reasonable and the payment is varying with the use of our company. To set up GPRS in your vehicle and control centre is so easy. GPRS method is not complex to use and all the controllers can handle perfectly with in touch method. It can provide the most suitable features that need for your company. GPRS is the most popular method among all of the voice communication methods in nowadays. What is vehicle tracking system? Vehicle tracking system is to track the vehicles location and its kind of electronic device and need to install in the vehicle. There are many kind of vehicle tracking system like the links and nodes, etc. According to the topology used nodes distances, speed, interconnections for physical are different. The standard topologies of networking are bus ring star tree mesh Hybrid Bus Topology All nodes are connected to the common cable called backbone or trunk in Bus topology. The data are carried by the node to node and only two endpoint (use terminator) connected to the backbone. Distributed bus is has more than one node and formed as branches. When the backbone is damage the network is not usable. Ring Topology In Ring topology the node is connected to two other nodes at the end. Thus, the shape of nodes is formed as ring. Dual-ring is also ring topology formed the double ring and data can flow in opposite directions around two rings. Star Topology Star network topology has one central node connected with many nodes. All data is transmitted to this central node retransmits the data to other nodes. Thus it does not have central connection point. Extended star has repeaters between the hub and nodes. Distributed star is physical star topology connected together in a linear fashion. Tree topology Tree topology is that multiple star topologies together onto a bus and the simplest form is hub connected directly to the tree bus and each hub functions as the root of a tree. This topology is the expedition of network. Each node has fixed number connected to lower level like Hierarchy and have at least 3 levels. Mash topology Mesh topologies has two cable paths but the data travel in one direction. This topology is mostly use in WAN network. Each node is connected to other nodes in the network and transmits data from one node to another. Full mesh is costly and complex for practical networks. Partial mash is not complex and expensive as full mash. Hybrid topology The hybrid is used to create the complex networks when networks are connected more than one which based on the same physical topology. 2.Types of media The common types of network media use in networking are twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables, and wireless media. Actually, network media is used to travel radio signals or electronic signals from one place to another to form a network. But it can not work until you match this with appropriate topology. Coaxial cable Coaxial cable consists of the hollow outer conductor and this is surrounded by the single inner wire made up of two conducting elements where located in the center is the copper cable. Coaxial cable need less distance of cable than twisted-pair cable. Ethernet backbone called Thicknet use higher transmission. Thinnet is weak shield connection. Twist-pair cable Twisted-pair, use in Ethernet network, wires are twisted to protect crosstalk. This type is self-protected and canceling technique is used in this cable. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) The UTP cable is used in various networks and it include eight individual copper wires, twisted each other. UTP is use for LAN and Ethernets. This can provide the best speed in copper based wires in nowadays. Cable length is short although the transmitting is not fast. Shielded twisted pair (UTP) STP main function is reducing electrical noise of cable, shielding and cancellation by twisting wires. Although the cable is short, it is moderately expensive. But UTP is less expensive than STP. Fiber optic cable Fiber optic cable transmits information by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. Fiber optic network can transmit data with high speeds and have a large carrying capacity with great resistance and signals can go further without needing to refresh, lower attenuation and interference. It expensive to install and operate can connect short distance and low bandwidth applications. Wireless communication Wireless communication transmits data using the radio frequencies (RF). The main key controller is the wireless hub called access point. The PC or laptop must have wireless adapter card to receive distribute signal. The signals are electromagnetic waves and can travel through the vacuum of outer space and air. No other physical media is need for wireless signals to create a network. Wireless signals use portions of RF spectrum to transmit voice, video, and data. 2. Recommendation I recommend the star topology with unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable. Star topology has high force tolerance. If a node is fail, the other nodes can be work until the server is available. It can extend easily. The extendibility of this topology provides the big help in extending new taxi for the company. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is one of the widely use and widely available media. Because of small size, the installation is easy. UTP cable is easy to install and is less expensive than other types of networking media. UTP costs less per meter than any other type of LAN cabling. Inexpensive and can get suitable services is also the good advantages for the company. To create the in-house network (LAN) for taxi company, the star topology with UTP media is the best match and the most suitable. I. Security issues relating to transmission of vehicle location data For vehicle tracking system, I recommended the GPS vehicle tracking method. When we need the secure data transmission, we need to prevent the network that we will use. First of all, there are three main requirements to become a secure network. They are the privacy, integrity and availability. The privacy issue is means the un-authorized users are gaining access to the network. There are many problems that we should consider when we consider the network security for transmission of vehicle location data. They are eavesdropping, Man-in-the-Middle. They are the most effective problems for security of vehicle location data transmission. Eavesdropping is the main problem of radio-oriented networks. This is the manner of snooping of information carried by the network. This may be borrowing a terminal whilst the user is away or tapping into the cables that carry the signals. In wireless network, radio frequency can be easily intercepted outside the premises. Thus any unauthorized mobile dev ice can be act as the receiver. Eavesdropping can enable from nearby premises. The hacker may remain undetected as there is no need to physically enter or connect to the premises. Most of the GPS vehicles tracking system use Private Network in the case of transmission data. This is the making of another passageway to transmit data on the Internet as private network. Using private network, we can use encryption and encapsulation technologies. Because of this function, the possibility of problems is already reduced and can provide secure data transmission of vehicle data. II. Voice communication transmission For two way voice communication, I recommended the GPRS. Man-in-the-Middle is also important for security of the network when transmit data. In this case, the third party intercepts a two way conversation. Third party pretends to each party that he is the other party. Eavesdropping and the modification of messages can occur before they received. If you need some secure information transmission, you should use the security protection like verbal instructions, queries can be used. Protection like adding software or system to protect the voice transmission security is need. The controllers respectively should use the password protection to use the central control. But this Internet-based technique does raise an issue of privacy from hackers without using private network. Thus security issues arise when data needs to leave the GPRS network to be delivered to either the Internet or a company LAN. Internet connectivity needs to pay security charge by encrypting. Security features combine with GPRS, your company will get the best vehicle tracking system with 100% security.